Usagi Yojimbo

Usagi Yojimbo (兎用心棒) is a comic book series created by Stan Sakai that first appeared in Albedo Anthropomorphics #2 published by Thoughts and Images in November 1984. Stan Sakai accepted an offer to move his warrior rabbit to Fantagraphics Books where he appeared in several issues of the new anthropomorphic anthology series Critters. Usagi's popularity influenced Fantagraphics to then release the Usagi Yojimbo Summer Special in October 1986 and then to give the ronin rabbit his own on-going series with issue #1 being published in July 1987. In 2011, IGN ranked Miyamoto Usagi 92nd in the top 100 comic books heroes.

Set primarily at the beginning of Edo period of Japan, with anthropomorphic animals replacing humans, the series features a rabbit ronin, Miyamoto Usagi, whom Stan Sakai based partially on the famous swordsman Miyamoto Musashi. Usagi wanders the land on a musha shugyo (warrior's pilgrimage) occasionally selling his services as a bodyguard. Usagi Yojimbo is heavily influenced by Japanese cinema and has included references to the work of Akira Kurosawa (the title of the series is derived from Kurosawa's 1960 film Yojimbo) and to icons of popular Japanese cinema such as Lone Wolf and Cub, Zatoichi, and Godzilla. The series is also influenced somewhat by Groo the Wanderer by Sergio Aragonés (Sakai is the letterer for that series), but the overall tone of Usagi Yojimbo is more serious and reflective.

The books are primarily episodic, with some novel-length narratives, with underlying larger plots which create long extended story lines. The stories include many references to Japanese history and Japanese folklore, and sometimes include mythical creatures. The architecture, clothes, weapons, and other objects are drawn with a faithfulness to period style. There are often stories whose purpose is to illustrate various elements of Japanese arts and crafts, such as the fashioning of kites, swords, and pottery. Those efforts have been successful enough for the series to be awarded a Parents' Choice Award in 1990 for its educational value through Stan's "skillful weaving of facts and legends into his work." The series follows the standard traditional Japanese naming-convention for all featured characters: their family names followed by their given names. Usagi was named the thirty-first greatest comic book character by Empire Magazine and was ranked 92nd in the top 100 comic books heroes by IGN.

Publishing history
Sakai originally planned for Usagi and other characters to be human in stories explicitly modeled after the life of Miyamoto Musashi. However, once as Sakai was idly doodling, he drew rabbit ears tied in a topknot on his proposed hero and was pleased by the distinctive image. Usagi was first conceived as a supporting character in The Adventures of Nilson Groundthumper and Hermy, a brief series that predates Usagi Yojimbo. Sakai expanded on the idea of a rabbit samurai and his world took on an anthropomorphized cartoon nature, creating a fantasy setting which suited his dramatic needs with a unique look he thought could attract readers.

Usagi first appeared in the anthology Albedo Anthropomorphics in 1984, and later in the Fantagraphics Books anthropomorphic anthology Critters, before appearing in his own series in 1987. The Usagi Yojimbo series has been published by three different companies. The first publisher was Fantagraphics (volume one; 38 regular issues, plus one Summer Special and three Color Specials). The second was Mirage Comics (volume two; 16 issues). The third is Dark Horse Comics, by which Usagi Yojimbo is still being published (as volume three, over 140 issues), and who also released a fourth Color Special. A fourth publisher, Radio Comix, published two issues of The Art of Usagi Yojimbo which contained a selection of unpublished drawings, convention sketches, and other miscellaneous Usagi Yojimbo artwork. The first issue also included an original Usagi Yojimbo short story. In 2004, Dark Horse Comics published a Twentieth Anniversary hardcover volume also entitled The Art of Usagi Yojimbo.

Because Usagi Yojimbo is a creator-owned comic and Sakai has complete and sole ownership of the character, Miyamoto Usagi has been able to appear in occasional short stories published by companies other than the one currently publishing his series. Usagi has appeared in stories published by Cartoon Books, Oni Press, Sky Dog Press, Wizard Press, and most recently in the benefit book Drawing the Line, the proceeds of which went to Princess Margaret Hospital and The Hospital for Sick Children, both in Toronto, for cancer research.

Sakai has experimented with formats for Usagi Yojimbo, as when he published the color story "Green Persimmon" first as twelve separate 2-page chapters serialized in Diamond Comic Distributor's monthly catalog "Previews." He has also serialized two short stories in a comic strip format in the tabloid size promotional publication Dark Horse Extra. With Usagi Yojimbo stories in single page "gag" stories as well as multi-issue epic adventures.

Usagi has also appeared several times in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (the comic, two of the animated series, and the toy line), and the Turtles have appeared in Usagi Yojimbo as well. Here, "Usagi Yojimbo" is incorrectly used as his actual name. In his guest appearances, he is closest to Leonardo, both sharing the same ideals and code of ethics.

In addition, Sakai created a limited spin off series called Space Usagi featuring characters similar to those in the original series, including a descendant of Miyamoto Usagi, but set in a futuristic setting that also emulated Feudal Japan in political and stylistic ways. Three mini-series of three issues each and two short stories featuring the characters were produced. Sakai has tentative plans to produce a fourth Space Usagi miniseries, but nothing has been announced yet.

Awards
The series has been awarded 4 Eisner awards and over 20 nominations.


 * 1) 1996 Eisner Award for "Best Letterer" (Groo and Usagi Yojimbo)
 * 2) 1996 Eisner Award for "Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition" (Usagi Yojimbo)
 * 3) 1999 Eisner Award for "Best Serialized Story" (Usagi Yojimbo "Grasscutter")
 * 4) 2012 Eisner Award for "Best Lettering" (Usagi Yojimbo)

The Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles's Little Tokyo is presenting an exhibit entitled "Year of the Rabbit: Stan Sakai's Usagi Yojimbo from July 9 through October 30, 2011.

Usagi was rated #92 on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.

Film references
Several of the characters in Usagi's world are inspired by or make reference to samurai movies. Usagi's former lord is named Mifune, which is a nod to Toshiro Mifune, an actor who starred in countless classic Samurai films. Gen, the rhino bounty hunter, was inspired by the characters made famous by Toshiro Mifune in the samurai films Yojimbo and Sanjuro. Zato-Ino, the Blind Swordspig, is a reference and tribute to the film character of Zatoichi. The story arc "Lone Goat and Kid" features an assassin who wanders with his son in a babycart, referring to the film/manga series, Lone Wolf and Cub. Most significantly, the main character's name, Miyamoto Usagi, is a play on "Miyamoto Musashi", Japan's most famous historical samurai and the author of The Book of Five Rings, and Usagi the Japanese language word for "rabbit" (The story notes for one volume also cite as an influence Hiroshi Inagaki's Samurai Trilogy, which features Miyamoto Musashi as a protagonist.) His friend Tomoe Ame, a feline samurai, is inspired by the female samurai Tomoe Gozen. The storyline "The Dragon Bellow Conspiracy" includes elements reminiscent of the classic Akira Kurosawa films The Seven Samurai and The Hidden Fortress, particularly the way that Usagi collects various allies to raid an evil lord's fortress.

While Usagi Yojimbo draws most heavily upon samurai and chanbara films, it has also been influenced by Japanese films from other genres. For example, the three-part story "Sumi-E" (included in Vol. 18. Travels with Jotaro) features monsters resembling Godzilla (identified as "Zylla," who was first introduced in Vol. 2. Samurai), Gamera, Ghidorah, Mothra, and Daimajin.

Television references
In Avatar: the Last Airbender, in the episode "Nightmares and Daydreams", Aang has a dream where Appa and Momo anthropomorphize into warriors and battle. Momo looks similar to Usagi including a buck tooth and a blue kimono. Momo normally has sharp teeth.

Usagi appeared in episodes 32 and 34 in the third season of the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon and in episodes 23-26 in the second season of the 2003 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon for an inter-dimensional tournament against the Turtles. Also in episodes 13, and 22-23 of season 3 for a Christmas party, and a continuation of the season 2 storyline, respectively. Usagi also attended the wedding of April O'Neil and Casey Jones in episode 156 of Season 7 (Back to the Sewer) titled "Wedding Bells and Bytes".

Collections
Books 1–7 are published by Fantagraphics Books; Books 8+ are published by Dark Horse Comics. Hardcover versions of the Dark Horse collections often include exclusive extras; some of this material was included in the 2004 artbook, also published by Dark Horse.


 * Book 1: The Ronin (Collects Usagi Yojimbo Summer Special, "Bounty Hunter 1" from Critters 1, "Horse Thief" from Critters 3, "Village of Fear" from The Doomsday Squad 3, "A Quiet Meal" from Critters 6, "Blind Swords-pig" from Critters 7, "Homecoming Part 1" from Critters 10, "Homecoming Part 2" from Critters 11, "Bounty Hunter 2" from Critters 14, and appearances in Albedo 2–4)
 * Book 2: Samurai (Collects Fantagraphics issues 1–6)
 * Book 3: Wanderer's Road (Collects Fantagraphics issues 7–12 and "Turtle Soup")
 * Book 4: Dragon Bellow Conspiracy (Collects Fantagraphics issues 13–18)
 * Book 5: Lone Goat and Kid (Collects Fantagraphics issues 19–24)
 * Book 6: Circles (Collects Fantagraphics issues 25–31 and story from Critters 50)
 * Book 7: Gen's Story (Collects Fantagraphics issues 32–38 and story from Critters 38)
 * Book 8: Shades of Death (Collects Mirage issues 1–6 and backup stories from 7–8)
 * Book 9: Daisho (Collects Mirage issues 7–12, 14)
 * Book 10: The Brink of Life and Death (Collects Mirage issues 13, 15–16 and Dark Horse issues 1–6)
 * Book 11: Seasons (Collects Dark Horse issues 7–12 and "Green Persimmon" from Diamond Previews)
 * Book 12: Grasscutter (Collects Dark Horse issues 13–22)
 * Book 13: Grey Shadows (Collects Dark Horse issues 23–30)
 * Book 14: Demon Mask (Collects Dark Horse issues 31–38, "Death and Taxes" from Dark Horse Presents 140, "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Tournament" from Dark Horse Annual 1999, "Netsuke" from Wizard 97, "The Leaping Ninja" from Oni Double Feature 10, and "Tsuru" from Dark Horse Extra 20–23)


 * Book 15: Grasscutter II: Journey To Atsuta Shrine (Collects Dark Horse issues 39–45)
 * Book 16: The Shrouded Moon (Collects Dark Horse issues 46–52)
 * Book 17: Duel at Kitanoji (Collects Dark Horse issues 53–60)
 * Book 18: Travels with Jotaro (Collects Dark Horse issues 61–68)
 * Book 19: Fathers and Sons (Collects Dark Horse issues 69–75)
 * Book 20: Glimpses of Death (Collects Dark Horse issues 76–82)
 * Book 21: The Mother of Mountains (Collects Dark Horse issues 83–89)
 * Book 22: Tomoe's Story (Collects Dark Horse Issues 90–93 and Usagi Yojimbo Color Specials 1–3)
 * Book 23: Bridge of Tears (Collects Dark Horse issues 94–102)
 * Book 24: Return of the Black Soul (Collects Dark Horse issues 103–109 and Usagi Yojimbo FCBD 2009)
 * Book 25: Fox Hunt (Collects Dark Horse issues 110–116 and "Saya" from MDHP 18)
 * Book 26: Traitors of the Earth (Collects Dark Horse issues 117-123, "Usagi and the Kami of the Pond" from Dark Horse Maverick 2001, and "Cut the Plum" from MDHP 35)
 * Book 27: A Town Called Hell (Collects Dark Horse issues 124-131)
 * Book 28: The Red Scorpion


 * Space Usagi (Collects the Space Usagi 3-issue miniseries "Warrior," "Death & Honor," and "White Star Rising," stories from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 47, and Usagi Color Special 3)
 * The Art of Usagi Yojimbo: 20th Anniversary Edition, published 2004.
 * Usagi Yojimbo: Yokai (The first Usagi Yojimbo original graphic novel. A fully painted self-contained story released to celebrate Usagi Yojimbo's 25th anniversary.)
 * Usagi Yojimbo: The Special Edition (Collects Usagi Yojimbo books 1 to 7, published by Fantagraphics in December 2010)

Related works
A project for an animated television series, Space Usagi, was cancelled following the failure of Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars.

Space Usagi was one of the action figures produced under the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles line.

Two editions of an Usagi role-playing game have been made, a 1998 version from Gold Rush Games and a 2005 version from Sanguine Productions.

The comic is the basis of two video games: the 1988 game Samurai Warrior: The Battles of Usagi Yojimbo and the 2013 game Usagi Yojimbo: Way of the Ronin. Both are side-scrolling hack-and-slash action games.

Translations

 * Official website for the french edition (collection in progress)


 * Various copies of the Usagi Yojimo series have been translated into Indonesian by the PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama publishing house.