Digital comics

Digital comics (also known as eComics) can refer to either comics created entirely on a computer (as opposed to comics that are drawn with conventional media, scanned and colored on a computer) or comics released digitally (as opposed to in print).

Digital comics creation
There are several methods of digital comics creation. One is the use of a pressure-sensitive graphics tablet and a computer graphics program. Panels are drawn using the pressure-sensitive stylus, handled in much the same way as a pencil or pen, but the lines are drawn in the image editing software, producing a digital file.

Other approaches include drawing in vector graphics applications, with or without a tablet, allowing for the manipulation and revision of lines after they are drawn, and the use of 3-D computer graphics applications to create characters and backgrounds. Some digital comics include various combinations of these techniques.

History
The first digitally created comic to be published online was Eric Millikin's Witches and Stitches, published on CompuServe in 1985.

The first digitally created print comic was Shatter, written by Peter Gillis and illustrated on the computer by Mike Saenz. Shatter appeared simultaneously as a one-shot special and as a backup feature in First Comics' Jon Sable title in 1985. It was published in its own 14 issue series from 1985-1986. Shatter was serialised in the British computer magazine Big K from the March 1985 issue.

Shatter was initially drawn on a first-generation Mac using a mouse and printed on a dot-matrix printer. It was then photographed like a piece of traditionally drawn black and white comic art, and the color separations were applied in the traditional manner.

Shatter artist Mike Saenz went on to create Iron Man: Crash, the first digital graphic novel in 1988.

Batman: Digital Justice was published by DC Comics in 1990, and introduced a more sophisticated blend of computer graphics techniques.

The Black Diamond Effect was created and started publishing by George Peter Gatsis in 1990, incorporating multiple digital lettering, all the 3-D rendering and 2-D techniques of that time to mimic an animation still.

Mike Saenz and Norm Dwyer created Donna Matrix, the first digital graphic novel utilizing 3-D rendering, in 1993.

Other comics began to appear, both on CD-ROM and in printed form, that utilized computer graphics to manipulate or add to traditionally drawn comic art, and more all-digital comics were published as improvements in software and computing power made this art form more practical.

Notable companies such as WOWIO; an American-based online destination that provides users the ability to share and consume digital media content, has a number of digital comic book publishers like Sword and Labrys Productions, Reagent Press, and Devil's Due Digital.

Chronology

 * 1985: The first online comic, Eric Millikin's Witches and Stitches, is published on CompuServe.
 * March, 1985: the first episode of Shatter, written by Peter Gillis, illustrated by Mike Saenz and edited by Mike Gold, appears as a double-page spread in the British computer magazine Big K published by IPC Magazines (now IPC Media).
 * June, 1985: Shatter, written by Peter Gillis and illustrated by Mike Saenz, appears as a backup feature in Jon Sable: Freelance #25, and Shatter Special #1, published by First Comics.
 * December, 1985-1986: Shatter continues as a 14 issue series by First Comics. Mike Saenz leaves after 2 issues. Other artists include Steve Erwin and Bob Dienethal who drew traditional art on board that was digitized, and Charlie Athanas who re-established the practice of creating the comic directly on the computer.
 * 1988: Iron Man: Crash, the first digital graphic novel is published by Marvel Comics. Drawn by Mike Saenz.
 * 1990: DC Comics publishes Batman: Digital Justice. Artist and writer Pepe Moreno uses a combination of 3-D modeling, vector illustration and CAD programs in addition to image editing software like Photoshop, using a Mac II with 16-bit color.
 * 1990: The Black Diamond Effect started publishing by George Peter Gatsis. The comic was generated using 3D and enhanced art by scanning and painting, using all the various graphic formats of that time, composed in a layout program.
 * 1991: Hans Bjordahl's Where the Buffalo Roam is published on FTP and usenet.
 * 1991: Sandman #19: "A Midsummer Night's Dream," is the only comic to win a World Fantasy Award. It was colored using an early version of PhotoShop to create a progressive sunset and night in the colors of comic.
 * 1991: Victor Vector & Yondo by Ken Steacy is published as a CD-ROM comic by Sanctuary Woods Multimedia. Although this is not a digital comic, it features an early use of digital special effects (Photoshop twirl filters) applied to traditional comic art. It was published as a print comic in 1994 by Fractal Comics Group.
 * 1992: DC Comics publishes The Hacker Files written by Lewis Shiner and illustrated by Tom Sutton and Mark Buckingham, the last two issues of which incorporate digitally created art.
 * Sept. 1993: David Farley's Doctor Fun is published on the World Wide Web.
 * 1993-1994: Dark Horse Comics publishes Version, an English language printing of the traditionally-drawn manga by Hisashi Sakaguchi, with all-digital (3-D CGI) cover art by Jack Harris.
 * August 1993: Mike Saenz creates Donna Matrix, computer generated graphic novel with 3-D graphics, published by Reactor Press. This is the first 3-D CGI graphic novel.
 * January 1994: Adhesive Comics publishes The Eden Matrix, a comic book featuring digital color made in Adobe Photoshop 2.5 on Windows 3.11 and Brilliance graphics application on the Amiga platform with art by Ashley Underwood and George Edward Purdy (under the pseudonym Slogan).
 * 1994 "Funeral in Mega-City One" (by John Wagner and Colin MacNeil, in Judge Dredd Poster Prog #4) Cover digitaly coloured including partially 3d rendered background.
 * March 1995: Bebe Williams launches the webcomics portal Art Comics Daily, an online gallery of several webcomics.
 * June, 1995: Argon Zark!, a digitally created Web comic, appears on the Web, drawn by writer/artist Charley Parker with a graphics tablet in Painter and Photoshop..
 * 1995: Sinkha, a multimedia graphic novel featuring sophisticated 3-D rendering is created by science fiction artist Marco Patrito and published on CD-ROM by Mohave.
 * Fall 1996: Sinkha is published as a comics story in the Heavy Metal Fall 1996 Special.
 * 1998: The Black Diamond Effect-Syntax E.R.R.O.R. by George Peter Gatsis continued the story, with much better graphics, but still using the same techniques from 1990.
 * 1998: The DOME: Ground Zero by Dave Gibbons and Angus McKie is published by DC Comics. An early use of the Poser, 3DS Max and Bryce software in comic books.
 * 2001: The Spiders by Patrick S. Farley for his website, Electric Sheep Comix. The webcomic traces an alternate history of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, where Al Gore is President of the United States, and ordinary civilians can view the war through web cams carried by roving robotic "spiders" dispersed into Afghanistan by the U.S. Army.

Production methods
This is an outline of how six key computer generated and enhanced comic books (series)/graphic novels were fully produced.


 * 1985: How Shatter was created by Peter Gillis and Mike Saenz. (Shatter issue 1, Dec 1985, Inside front cover / Shatter issue 4, August 1985, inside front cover)
 * 1) Layouts are penciled on paper, then scanned the pages into the computer.
 * 2) Notes are made of certain images or backgrounds to repeat in various panels.
 * 3) Then electronically the art is copied and repeated in specific places, putting in highlights and shadows, enhancing the images, adding detail to backgrounds.
 * 4) Lettering is applied.
 * 5) It is printed out in black and white.
 * 6) Positive film is shot from the black and white.
 * 7) The film is sent to the colorist, to color traditionally by hand.
 * 8) The color pages are collected with the film and sent to the color separator.
 * 9) The separator uses a color scanner to produce film for the printer.
 * Storage: Floppy Disks.
 * Programs: MacPaint, MacDraw, ComicWorks
 * Hardware: ApplePlus, LaserWriter.


 * 1988: How Iron Man: Crash was created, by Mike Saenz. (Iron Man: Crash, 1988, pages 66 to 71)
 * 1) Images, photos and penciled art are scanned into the computer at 72 dpi and uprez later.
 * 2) 3D graphic elements are created in grayscale.
 * 3) The black and white artwork and 3D artwork is electronically colored.
 * 4) The artwork is then put into a layout program that holds the art inside varying panels and borders.
 * 5) Word balloons with text and adjustable tails are created.
 * 6) Special effects are applied to some text.
 * 7) 4 files are created for each of the pages. (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black)
 * 8) Printer's Separated Film is created from the 4 files.
 * 9) The film is color proofed, by creating color keys/chromalins for the printer.
 * Storage: Floppy Disks.
 * Programs: Lithographer, Illustrator, Pro 3D
 * Hardware: Mac II


 * 1990: How Batman: Digital Justice was created by Pepe Moreno. (Batman: Digital Justice, 1990, Mike Gold intro and inside back page)
 * 1) Images, photos and penciled art are scanned into the computer.
 * 2) 3D graphic elements are created.
 * 3) The black and white artwork is electronically colored, giving it an enhanced painted look.
 * 4) Many images throughout the book are repeated and cropped or colored differently.
 * 4) The artwork is then put into a layout program that holds the art inside varying panels and borders.
 * 5) Word balloons with text, varying borders and adjustable tails are created.
 * 6) Special effects are applied to some text.
 * 7) Printer's Separated Film is created from the page layout program.
 * 8) The film is color proofed, by creating color keys/chromalins for the printer.
 * Storage: Possibly CD ROM Data Disk.
 * Programs: Studio 8, ImageStudio, Photoshop, Quark Xpress.
 * Hardware: Mac II


 * 1990: How The Black Diamond Effect was created by George Peter Gatsis. (The Black Diamond Effect, 1991, issue 4 inside front and back pages)
 * 1) Artwork is drawn and scanned into the computer.
 * 2) Art is vectorized and colored.
 * 3) 3D elements are created.
 * 4) All artwork is composed into page layouts.
 * 5) Some background and foreground artwork is rasterized and painted with blurs, shading and effects.
 * 6) The rasterized artwork is clipped and brought back into the page layout program.
 * 7) Various typefaces and effects are used for lettering.
 * 8) Various kind of jagged word balloons, with varying vectorized effects are used.
 * 9) Printer's Separated Film is created from the page layout program.
 * 10) Grayscale letter sized printouts are sent along with the film to the printer.
 * Storage: CD ROM Data Disk.
 * Programs: Quark Xpress, Pagemaker, Ready-Set-Go, Freehand, Illustrator, Studio 8, ImageStudio, Swivel 3D Pro, Photoshop, Infini-D.
 * Hardware: Mac IIcx


 * 1993: How Donna Matrix was created by Mike Saenz. (Donna Matrix, 1993, inside front page and pages 40 to 44)
 * 1) Characters are designed.
 * 2) All assets, characters and props are modeled in 3D.
 * 3) Scenes are composed in 3D, with multiple lights and various lighting effects.
 * 4) Individual 3D scenes are rendered.
 * 5) Various elements (such as smoke and fire) are scanned into the computer and composed along with the rendered 3D scene in a paint program.
 * 6) Individual pages are composed by importing the final painted panel into a vector program.
 * 7) Text, Word Balloons and sound effects are created and composed in the page layout.
 * 8) Printer's Separated Film is created from the vector program.
 * Storage: Possibly CD ROM Data Disk.
 * Programs: Swivel 3D Pro, Electronic Image Animation System, Illustrator, Photoshop.
 * Hardware: Most likely a Mac IIfx or Mac IIci


 * 1998: The DOME: Ground Zero was created by Dave Gibbons and Angus McKie. (The DOME: Ground Zero, 1998, inside backpage)
 * 1) Scripted.
 * 2) Layouts done in a paint program.
 * 3) Lettering and the rough page layouts composed in a vector program.
 * 4) The pages are submitted for approval.
 * 5) 3D elements are created and rendered out.
 * 6) Low rez samples are checked with the page layout vector program.
 * 7) The Lettering and border panels were rasterized into the paint program, with the lettering on a separate layer.
 * 8) Details are painted into the characters and backgrounds.
 * 9) Printer's Separated Film is created for the printer.
 * Storage: Possibly CD ROM Data Disk.
 * Programs: Freehand, Poser, 3DS Max, Bryce, Photoshop.
 * Hardware: Mac 8500

Notable digital comics
This list includes some hybrids of digital and traditional media.
 * Mr. Punch, by Neil Gaiman & Dave McKean (September, 1995). Hybrid: mixed media, digitally manipulated. DC Comics
 * Astounding Space Thrills, by Steve Conley, (1997). Hybrid: inked in Adobe Illustrator. Image Comics / Web comic
 * The New Adventures of Abraham Lincoln, by Scott McCloud (1998). Hybrid: penciled on paper, "inked" in Photoshop with 3-D backgrounds. Homage Comics
 * The Dome: Ground Zero, by Dave Gibbons & Angus McKie (1998). All-digital. DC Comics
 * Delta Thrives, by Patrick Farley, (2002). All-digital Web comic
 * Pocket God by Ape Entertainment, (August 2010). iOS application, also sold in print.

Digital distribution
Marvel Comics launched Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited, a subscription service allowing readers to read many comics from Marvel's history online, on November 13, 2007. The service also includes new comics not available elsewhere. With the release of Avenging Spider-Man #1, Marvel also became the first publisher to provide free digital copies as part of the print copy of the comic book.

With growing the popularity of smart phones and tablet computers, particularly Apple's iPhone and iPad, many major publishers have begun releasing titles in digital form. Some of the popular platforms for such releases are Graphicly and comiXology.

Books

 * Moreno, Pepe & Gold, Mike (Introduction) (1990). Batman: Digital Justice, DC Comics
 * Parker, Charley (1997). Argon Zark!, Arclight Publishing
 * McCloud, Scott (2000) Reinventing Comics, pp. 140, 165, Paradox Press
 * Withrow, Stephen (2003). Toon Art: The art of Digital Cartooning, pp. 12–21, 45, 118-119, 170-171, 174-175, 184-187, Watson-Guptill