Superman & Batman: Generations

Superman & Batman: Generations is the umbrella title of three Elseworlds comic book limited series published by DC Comics in the United States, written and illustrated by John Byrne. A major concept of the series is the avoidance of so-called comic book time; it places Superman, Batman, and the other members of the DC Universe in a single timeline, showing the characters aging and being replaced by their progeny.

Publication history
Superman & Batman: Generations was published as a four-issue limited series in prestige format from January to April 1999. It was later collected as a trade paperback (ISBN 1-56389-605-2) in 1999.

Superman & Batman: Generations 2, like its predecessor, is a 4-issue prestige format limited series that ran from October 2001 to January 2002; it dealt with other DC heroes in chapters set between the times of the stories in the first series. It was also collected as a trade paperback (ISBN 1-56389-990-6) in 2003.

Superman & Batman: Generations 3 is a twelve part limited series. Unlike the previous two series, it was published in standard format, and ran from March 2003 to February 2004. No trade paperback has been published for this series.

Generations
Generations follows Superman and Batman from the beginning of their careers to the far future. Each issue contains two stories; each story takes places ten years after the previous one.


 * 1939: The Vigilantes — Superman and Batman meet for the first time, at the Metropolis World's Fair, where they overcome their initial suspicions of each other to team up and defeat the Ultra-Humanite.


 * 1949: Family Matters — Clark Kent is married to Lois Lane, and Bruce Wayne's ward Dick Grayson is leaving for college. Lex Luthor and the Joker kidnap the pregnant Mrs. Kent.  Batman and Superman are able to defeat the villains and rescue Lois, but in the process the Kents' unborn son is exposed to gold kryptonite, meaning the child will never develop superpowers.  The Kents decide to keep the knowledge of his heritage a secret from the boy.  Meanwhile, Bruce's wife is revealed to be expecting as well.


 * 1959: Strange Days — Aliens in need of a champion ask Bat-Mite and Mr. Mxyzptlk to test each other's respective heroes; fortunately, Batman and Superman trick the two imps into turning on each other and convince the aliens to take them instead. Batman and Superman also face the problems of age and family. Bruce is on the verge of retirement and Dick Grayson is set to take over as Batman; meanwhile Bruce Wayne Jr. ("BJ") trains to become the new Robin.  The Kents discover their daughter Kara is developing superpowers, Lois giving her a red kryptonite necklace created by her father so that Kara can live a normal life without her powers.  In the closing panels, an aged Lex Luthor reveals to young Joel Kent the truth about his heritage.


 * 1969: Changing Times — Kara Kent now helps her father as Supergirl, while Lois Kent is diagnosed with cancer, and Joel Kent is reported missing in action in Vietnam. Dick Grayson, the new Batman, confronts the Joker Jr., who is actually the aged Joker himself, sneaking out of Arkham in disguise. The Joker kills Grayson in an elaborate trap, but Bruce Wayne Jr. (the new Robin) switches uniforms with the fallen crimefighter so that the Batman legacy can continue.


 * 1979: Twilight of the Gods — Batman and Supergirl (or Superwoman as her father thinks of her) have become a heroic team and, as Bruce Wayne Jr. and Kara Kent, plan to marry. Lois is still alive, thanks to her physician Dr. Holurt. Bruce and Kara's ceremony is disrupted by a super-powered Joel Kent, who attacks and violently kills Kara; Joel's death in Vietnam was faked after Luthor convinced him that Superman deliberately exposed him to gold kryptonite so that Joel couldn't replace him. Dr. Holurt reveals himself to be a disguised Lex Luthor; he shows the world that Clark Kent is Superman, then kills Lois.  Joel's powers are the result of a serum created by Luthor but, as Luthor knows, the serum is unstable and Joel dies a few minutes after killing his sister, living just long enough for Luthor to mockingly inform him that he lied to Joel where his father was always honest with him. Superman learns that Joel had fathered a son with a young Vietnamese woman, and asks BJ to raise the boy as his own while he searches for the now-missing Luthor.  Meanwhile, a seventy-year-old Bruce Wayne, on the trail of Ra's al Ghul, is captured by agents of the criminal mastermind.


 * 1989: Crime and Punishment — Bruce Wayne Jr., the third Batman, flies to the Fortress of Solitude to arrest Superman for murder. Superman had been hunting Luthor for the past ten years and finally caught up with him (but not before Luthor engineered the deaths of Jimmy Olsen, Lucy Lane, and Perry White, Jr. while Superman was occupied finding him). Luthor exposed Superman to gold Kryptonite, and revealed that he is really the Ultra-Humanite.  In 1939 he transplanted his brain into the body of his assistant Lex Luthor (then known as "Ell") after his rocket crashed while fleeing the 1939 World's Fair, his body and Luthor's brain apparently too badly damaged to survive unless the switch occurred. The Ultra-Humanite planned to move his brain into Superman's body, but Superman accidentally killed Ultra-Humanite while trying to escape after throwing a metal shard at him and causing him to be electrocuted by his equipment. When that happened, the villain's machines broadcast images of Superman apparently murdering "Luthor" in cold blood over worldwide television to frame him. In the present, Superman lets Bruce Wayne Jr. take him into custody so that he can plead guilty to murder before the World Court.  Even though the judges point out that he acted in self-defence and never meant to kill his enemy, Superman is not sure whether or not he might have been subconsciously influenced by his hatred of Luthor, and requests to be sent into the Phantom Zone (The judges reasoning that putting him in a conventional prison without his powers could be dangerous and solitary confinement is far too extreme given his past good deeds).


 * 1999: Beginnings and Endings — Batman III is brought to Ra's al Ghul, who is actually Bruce Wayne, Sr. In 1979 Wayne had entered a Lazarus Pit with Ra's al Ghul after Ra's discovered that, if two people entered the Pit, one would perish while the other would survive with apparently permanent immortality and none of the accompanying madness; Wayne survived and discovered that the Pit had rejuvenated him and given him incredibly long life. In the years since, Wayne turned al Ghul's criminal empire into a force for good, working so subtly that everyone assumed his actions were a front for a criminal scheme without realising that the 'front' had become the real organisation. Wayne asks Bruce Jr. to take over the operation while he returns as Batman.  Batman frees Superman from the Phantom Zone, and they investigate the Ultra-Humanite's death.  Batman deduces that the Ultra-Humanite had perfected the super-serum he used on Joel Kent, and was planning to use it after transplanting his brain into Superman's body, as the serum only works on Kryptonians.  The serum restores Superman's powers, and he shares it with his grandson Clark Wayne, aka Knightwing.  Feeling he is no longer needed now that there are so many other heroes, Superman leaves Earth in the capable hands of Batman and his grandson in order to protect the cosmos.


 * 2929: Nineteen Twenty Nine — Batman meets Superman in his Fortress of Solitude, now an asteroid in a distant galaxy. Due to Superman's Kryptonian heritage and Batman's Lazarus Pit treatment, the two have aged at a very slow rate.  As they reminisce, Superman recalls that they had actually met in 1929 when they were teenagers.  Clark and Lois Lane were winners of a journalism contest held by Bruce Wayne, owner of the Gotham Gazette.  While in Gotham City, Superboy joins forces with Bruce (wearing a prototype "Robin" costume) to defeat a gang of criminals. In the present, they realize the galaxy has turned into a paradise under their protection and care. They decide to leave the galaxy as they left Earth and protect the entire universe. They are then joined by Lana Lang who, thanks to magical powers, has also gained a long life and married Superman.

Generations 2
The second series, rather than dealing with a decade jump between stories like the original, takes jumps of 11 years. Starting in 1942, each issue again tells two stories, ending in the year 2019 at the end of the fourth issue. While the first series focused on the Batman and Superman families, the second features other characters from the DC Universe, especially from the Justice Society and Justice League.


 * 1942: Battlefields — Hawkman and the Blackhawks battle a giant Nazi robot. Green Lantern arrives, but exhausts his power ring saving Hawkman.  The robot launches a rocket, which Blackhawk member Chuck stops at the cost of his life.  Superman and the Spectre arrive, and disarm the robot.  Superman rips open the machine to reveal the Ultra-Humanite, who uses kryptonite to hold off the Man of Steel and escape.  Back in Gotham City, Lois Lane discovers that Lex Luthor developed the robot and sold the plans to the Nazis.  She is captured and held captive with Robin, but the two are saved by Batman, disguised as Luthor's henchman.


 * 1953: Absent Friends — A long missing Commissioner Gordon collapses in the doorway of Wayne Manor. He tells Bruce he knows his secret identity, and warns him of a new threat: a mysterious criminal known as "The Head of the Demon".  Meanwhile, Wonder Girl (a mystical projection of Wonder Woman) flies to North Korea in search of Steve Trevor's downed plane, while Diana Prince Trevor goes into labor.  Wonder Girl finds Trevor, but he dies en route to Paradise Island.  At the same moment Diana gives birth to a baby girl, Lois Kent gives birth to her daughter, Kara Kent.  Clark arrives late; as Superman, he had been stranded on a planet with a red sun until he was rescued by Green Lantern Abin Sur. After attending the birth of his daughter, Superman takes Sur to visit Alan Scott, with the two Green Lanterns puzzled at the similar nature of their rings which nevertheless possess different weaknesses (Scott's ring being vulnerable to wood while Sur's will not work on yellow).


 * 1964: Children's Hour — Bruce Wayne Jr. is stopped by his mother from going out as Robin with Batman II, while Kara Kent tries on her Supergirl costume for the first time. She flies to Wayne Manor to see BJ, who is unhappy with his situation.  Supergirl points out that he promised not be Robin with Batman; he didn't say anything about Supergirl.  The teens fly off and find Kid Flash, who is fighting the Weather Wizard and the Mirror Master.  When Kid Flash is knocked unconscious, Supergirl and Robin intervene, only to be knocked out by Gorilla Grodd.  Meanwhile, Barry Allen calls Diana Trevor looking for Kid Flash. Diana's daughter Stevie goes looking for Wally as the new Wonder Girl.  She is drawn to a warehouse in Central City, where Gorilla Grodd is preparing to transfer the teens' superpowers into his body.  Supergirl, who had been playing possum, rips apart the machines holding the teens, and the four young heroes subdue the criminals.  Supergirl and Wonder Girl realize they share a special bond due to being born at the same moment; this is what drew Wonder Girl to the warehouse.  The teens decide to form a crime fighting team and, after rejecting the name "Junior Justice Society", call themselves the Justice League.


 * 1975: Troubled Souls — Batman III is called to Arkham Asylum, where the Joker has been acting strangely. Surveillance tapes reveal that the Joker is being haunted by the ghost of Dick Grayson.  With the help of Doctor Occult, Deadman, and the ghost of Alfred Pennyworth, Grayson's spirit is convinced not to murder the Joker, and goes into the light with Alfred.  Bruce Wayne, in his Batman costume, visits the dying Joker, whose last request is to know the Batman's identity.  Batman replies that, with all the pain the Joker has caused, he deserves nothing, and leaves.  In a subplot, test pilot Hal Jordan barely survives the flight of an experimental rocket plane, and decides to retire and go into politics.


 * 1986: To Hunt the Hunter — Superman tracks Luthor to his hideout, but discovers he is a computer simulation. The faux Luthor plays a hologram of Joel Kent killing Supergirl just to torment the Man of Steel.  Meanwhile Wonder Woman II, Flash IV, and Green Lantern discuss Batman III, who has become violent and unstable since the death of Supergirl.  The JLA reluctantly decide they have to stop Batman.  They track down Batman and try to restrain him, but he overpowers them.  While fighting, Batman becomes enraged and begins savagely beating a helpless Green Lantern.  When Flash screams that he is killing the Lantern, Batman snaps out of his rage and flees to his home.  There, he collapses in front of his wife Mei-Lei, crying for help.


 * 1997: Turning Points — Batman III, before leaving in search of Ra's al Ghul, tells his son Clark Wayne that he must be Batman now. Clark reveals that he has known for some time he is adopted, and that only a true Wayne can be Batman.  Clark instead takes the identity of Knightwing.  On patrol, Knightwing comes across a rampaging robot previously used by the villain Ransak.  Knightwing struggles with the robot, while Superman watches helplessly from the Phantom Zone.  At the last minute, Superman manages to briefly appear before Ransak, causing a distraction that allows Knightwing to short out the robot.  He finds a young girl, the daughter of the real Ransak, inside the suit.  Meanwhile President Barbara Gordon and former President Hal Jordan meet to discuss a major threat.  The renegade Green Lantern Sinestro has vowed to kill Jordan, who had turned down Alan Scott's offer to become Earth's new Green Lantern.  Flash IV, Green Lantern Kyle Rayner, and Blackhawk unsuccessfully try to stop Sinestro.  Kyle flees to the White House with Sinestro in pursuit.  Sinestro arrives and blasts Scott, then prepares to kill Jordan.  Jordan takes Kyle's ring and, reasoning that the ring's weaknesses are in the mind of the user, manages to defeat Sinestro.  Jordan and his wife Carol Ferris are taken to Oa, where Jordan's theory is confirmed- Scott only believed the ring was vulnerable to wood because he was once caught off-guard by someone who hit him with a wooden block-, and he is once again offered the role of Green Lantern.


 * 2008: This Ancient Evil — Knightwing faces a threat from the past, a robot with the brain of Lex Luthor (Which had actually been kept in storage by the Ultra-Humanite's minions as they waited for it to recover rather than destroyed after the transplant). He manages to defeat Luthor with the aid of Cyborg, the fifth Flash, and Green Lantern Hal Jordan (his youth restored by the power ring).  Clark Wayne then leaves to marry Amanda Mason, the young girl that had once faced him as Ransak.  Meanwhile, Bruce Wayne and Bruce Jr. visit the dying Mrs. Wayne in the hospital, where she tells them a secret (which is not revealed until Generations 3).


 * 2019: 1920: Father to the Man — Batman and Knightwing visit the Fortress of Solitude, where Superman shows them the Chroniscope, a Kryptonian device that can view the past and future. Knightwing plays a message from Jonathan Kent recorded 99 years ago, that tells how he had used the Chroniscope and had seen the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne.  As the Waynes were scheduled to visit the county seat that week, Pa Kent decides to warn them.  Before this can happen, the Waynes are kidnapped by the Ultra-Humanite.  Bruce escapes and, disguising himself with a fox head, helps Superboy stop the kidnappers.  Kent then shows Thomas Wayne the Chroniscope.  Several weeks later, Pa Kent is shocked to read that the Waynes were murdered.  Using the Chroniscope, he learns that the Waynes decided not to change the future, as their death was responsible for creating the Batman.  In 2019, Superman consoles a stunned Bruce Wayne with the knowledge that his parents realized they were creating a great force for good.

Generations 3
Generations 3 starts in the year 1925, with each subsequent issue jumping forward a century, except issues #7 and #8, which both partially dealt with the 26th century as well as the 19th century. The story features characters from the future timelines of the DC Universe, especially Jack Kirby's New Gods.


 * Century 20: Crosstime Crisis — In 1925, Clark Kent, Pete Ross, and Lana Lang are surprised when Saturn Girl bursts into the Kent home looking for Superboy. A spaceship filled with strange armored creatures has crashed near Smallville.  Superboy investigates and is attacked.  The army, commanded by Captain Sam Lane arrives.  Young Bruce Wayne learns of the crash and flies to Smallville to help, while Lana and a young Lois Lane enter Saturn Girl's time machine.  Superboy destroys the aliens with a device provided by Bruce.  A dying Saturn Girl uses her powers to erase knowledge of the event from everyone's mind.  The time machine returns to the future, with Lois and Lana aboard.


 * Century 21: Doomsday Minus 1 — As Knightwing introduces his twin daughters Supergirl Red and Supergirl Blue, the robotic brain of Lex Luthor escapes. Superman is troubled by memories of an alien invasion in 1925 that no one remembers.  He travels to New Genesis to confer with Highfather, but when he arrives he sees the fire pits of Apokolips go out.  The Supergirls and Omac fight Luthor and his mysterious allies, but he gains the upper hand and neutralizes Omac.  Knightwing arrives, but Luthor's allies vanish before they can be caught.  Luthor tells Knightwing this is the day the world ends and detonates some kind of bomb.


 * Century 22: Out of the Ashes — 100 years ago Luthor activated a device that prevents all power sources on Earth or a thousand miles from it from being used. Now civilization is in ruins, and the survivors, led by Batman and his descendants, live in an underground complex.  The surface is left to mutant animals and a few humans, including a man named Kamandi.  Superman has not been seen in nearly a century.  Knightwing, now posing as Superman, and the Supergirls are all that remain to fight the Parademons.  Batman manages to revive the Brother Eye satellite.  He has been keeping tabs on Kamandi, who is a descendant of Buddy Blank, aka Omac, and plans to revive the One-Man Army Corps as a weapon against the Parademons.


 * Century 23: Return of the Warrior — Stephanie Trevor, the second Wonder Woman, is fatally injured while fighting Parademons, and the Supergirls take her to Paradise Island. Her mother, now Queen of the Amazons, is unable to revive Stephanie with the Purple Ray.  Angered over her daughter's death, Wonder Woman returns to fight the Parademons before they can destroy the OMACs.  Meanwhile, stranded on New Genesis, Superman has married Beautiful Dreamer, who manages to unlock his memory of the 1925 invasion that Saturn Girl had repressed.


 * Century 24: Family Secrets — As Bruce Wayne, Jr. lays dying, Batman tells Wonder Woman the reason for his son's longevity. As seen at the end of Generations 2, the dying Mrs. Wayne gives her son and ex-husband a tape to play that reveals Bruce is not BJ's father.  Analyzing the tape, they deduce it was recorded in London.  BJ uses the Lazarus Pit to become young enough to aid Batman, and they travel to London to meet Cyril Sheldrake, the former Squire.  Cyril takes them to a recording studio where they are attacked by one of the roving gangs infesting London.  They manage to subdue the gang and listen to the tape.  It reveals that BJ is Bruce's son; Mrs. Wayne lied to trick BJ into using the Lazarus Pit, something he had refused to do before.  As BJ dies, the ghost of Kara Kent appears, and takes his spirit to the afterlife.


 * Century 25: Love in the Time of Apocalypse — On Apokolips, Darkseid is revived by Desaad and other members of his elite guard. On Earth, Supergirl Blue is in love with Green Lantern Ator, but since her body is stuck at the physical age of 11, Ator is uncomfortable with the relationship.  Several other Green Lanterns find the buried robot body of Lex Luthor, who goes on a rampage.  While the Green Lanterns fight Luthor, Supergirl Blue uses gold Kryptonite to remove her powers, allowing her to age.  Ator manages to stop Luthor, but Luthor uploads his mind into the city's computer, leaving Ator with an atomic bomb.  Ator contains the explosion with his power ring, but is trapped inside with the radiation.  The now powerless Supergirl Blue must stand by and watch Ator die.


 * Century 26: History Lesson (Part 1) — Metron of the New Gods opens a portal that returns Superman to Earth, where he is attacked by Supergirl Blue and a superpowered Batman. Eventually Superman convinces them of his identity, and Batman tells what has happened.  In addition to the Parademons returning every 100 years to attack Smallville, civilization had been destroyed by Lex Luthor.  At one point he blanketed the Earth in green Kryptonite radiation, killing Clark Wayne and Supergirl Red.  Luthor manages to destroy all the OMAC soldiers, including the original Buddy Blank.  Supergirl Blue uses Luthor's serum to restore her powers, and convinces Batman to use it as well.  The two find they are immune to Kryptonite, and finally defeat Luthor.  Superman takes Batman and Supergirl to Smallville, where they find the body of Saturn Girl.  He tells them the answer to the Parademon attacks lie in the future, and flies off to the 30th century.


 * Century 19: History Lesson (Part 2) — Seconds after Superman leaves, Supergirl hears a signal from underground. She digs up a box which contains Superman.  His attempt to reach the future was blocked, and he was hurled into the late 19th century.  There he meets Mister Miracle (who is the sheriff of Smallville) and Metron, as well as a young Jonathan Kent.  Kent is seeking revenge against Jonah Hex, a bounty hunter Kent claims killed fourteen innocent men.  A young Martha Clark begs Kent not to face Hex, but Kent is determined.  In a showdown, Hex easily disarms Kent, then breaks Kent's glasses instead of killing him.  Just then the criminal that Hex was hunting appears and fires at Hex.  Hex kills the criminal, but the shot meant for Hex hits Martha instead.  Superman forces Metron to bring a doctor to save Martha's life, but her injuries mean she will never have children.  Jonathan tells Martha they will get married as soon as she is well.  Metron tells Superman he cannot reach the future under his own power, and places him in a suspended animation chamber underground.  Meanwhile, Darkseid reveals his greatest weapon: Parademons with the power of independent thought.


 * Century 27: A Soldier's Story — During a Parademon attack on Earth, one is separated from his squad. He hides in a small house, where he meets the owner, an elderly blind woman.  The Parademon tells his history.  Centuries ago, Apokolips was destroyed in the final battle between Orion and Darkseid.  Darkseid's essence was preserved by special machinery hidden in the heart of the planet.  When Darkseid was revived, he developed new Parademons with the ability to think for themselves.  Their mission is to travel back in time to defeat the heroes of Earth.  The old woman, actually Supergirl Blue, kills the Parademon so that no one will learn they are sentient.  In the future, the time machine with Lois and Lana finally materializes.


 * Century 28: Gods and Monsters — On Earth, Batman and Supergirl Blue bury their son Thomas. A dying Metron appears and gives Superman a device that will allow him one round trip to New Genesis.  He activates it, and is met by Lar-el and Vara, his children with Beautiful Dreamer.  Parademons attack, followed by Darkseid.  All the New Gods are killed, leaving only Superman and his children.  Darkseid captures Beautiful Dreamer, and kills Superman's children when they try to rescue her.  Darkseid leaves, but not before breaking Beautiful Dreamer's neck.  Superman returns to Earth to tell Batman what has happened.


 * Century 29: Little Girls Lost — Lana Lang and Lois Lane are in Smallville in the year 2825. In a Superman Museum they discover that Clark Kent is Superman, and that Lois will one day marry him.  Outside they stumble across Superman fighting a troop of Parademons.  They are almost attacked, but are saved by Supergirl Blue. Batman realizes they can use the time bubble to reach the final Parademon attack in 2925.  The heroes first return the two girls to 1925 and rescue Saturn Girl.  Superman has Saturn Girl wipe the memories of everyone for a thousand miles before taking the time machine to the future.  They land in 2925 as energy beams strike all around them.


 * Century 30: Time and Time Again — With Darkseid's forces attacking the Earth, the heroes fan out. Supergirl Blue destroys a weapon called the Sky Scorcher, but is fatally injured.  The dying Supergirl tells Batman the only way to stop Darkseid is to destroy him just after his resurrection, changing the timeline.  Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and Green Lantern Jordan Kelley go back in time to Darkseid's space station.  Green Lantern and Wonder Woman are killed, but Batman causes Granny Goodness to overload the station's power supplies.  Superman attacks Darkseid, who fires his Omega Beams at the Man of Steel.  Superman throws Desaad into the beams, and begins pummeling Darkseid.  The space station explodes, and the energy wave reboots the timeline.  The new timeline is similar to that at the end of the first Generations, with no sign of Darkseid and the Earth at peace.  Batman and Superman briefly recall Supergirl Blue, but the memory fades away.

Wayne/Kent family tree
Over the course of the third series, Generations III, an impressive dynasty is created that spans many centuries. Most of this is undone by the story's end.

For clarification:
 * Mei Lei was originally called Mei-Lai.
 * Lara Wayne was originally called Kara.
 * The identity of Bruce Wayne's first wife, whom he married roughly six months after Superman and Batman clashed with Luthor and the Joker in 1949, was never revealed. However, she is probably neither Talia al Ghul (whom Bruce did not meet until 1979 ) nor Catwoman (whom Bruce refers to as "retired" in 2019, while his first wife was on her deathbed in 2008 ).  In the first chapter, Bruce is engaged to a woman named Julie, presumably Julie Madison, making her a very likely candidate.
 * Clark Wayne was adopted by Bruce Wayne Jr. after the death of both Joel and Kara Kent.
 * Although a seemingly incestuous relationship, Bruce Wayne and Lara Wayne are not blood-related.
 * Only the original Superman and Batman survive thanks to Kryptonian genes and immortality granted by the Lazarus Pit, respectively.
 * Each of the children of the Wayne/Kent tree, and ultimately the original Batman as well, possess superpowers.

Batman & Captain America
The Elseworlds Batman & Captain America, co-published with Marvel Comics and written/drawn by John Byrne was released in 1996. The story features Batman & Robin teaming up with Captain America & Bucky to fight the Joker and Red Skull in 1945. The epilogue of the tale features Dick Grayson as Batman and Bruce Jr. as Robin. The duo find the frozen Captain America in the 1960s while searching for Joker Jr. It is from this epilogue that the three Generations series were developed.