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Batman & Robin (film)

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Batman & Robin
Batman & robin poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Joel Schumacher
Produced by Peter MacGregor-Scott
Written by Akiva Goldsman
Based on Batman 
by Bob Kane
Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger
George Clooney
Chris O'Donnell
Uma Thurman
Alicia Silverstone
Michael Gough
Pat Hingle
Elle Macpherson
Music by Elliot Goldenthal
Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt
Editing by Dennis Virkler
Mark Stevens
Distributed by Warner Bros.
Release date(s)
Running time 125 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $140 million [1]
Box office $238,207,122

Batman & Robin is a 1997 American Superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman. It is the fourth and final film of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series. The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman. It stars George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Uma Thurman, as well as Alicia Silverstone. Batman & Robin tells the story of the Dynamic Duo as they attempt to prevent Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing all mankind to death and repopulating the earth with mutant plants, while at the same time struggling to keep their partnership together. This is also the only film appearance of Batgirl, who unexpectedly helps the title characters win in the end, including Bane.

Development for Batman & Robin began following the box office success of the previous film, Batman Forever. Warner Bros. commissioned the film for a June 1997 release. Schumacher and Goldsman conceived the film's plotline during pre-production on A Time to Kill. Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.

Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997 to a number of negative reviews and is often regarded as one of the worst films ever made. Subsequently, Warner Bros. cancelled the unproduced Batman Triumphant and the film series was eventually rebooted with Batman Begins (2005) by director Christopher Nolan. The song made for the film, "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 40th Grammy Awards.

Plot[]

Batman and Robin attempt to stop Mr. Freeze from stealing a cache of diamonds. The supercriminal freezes Robin and flees, notifiying Batman that he has 11 minutes to thaw his partner. They learn that Freeze was once scientist Victor Fries, who became dependent on a diamond-powered subzero suit following an accident in a cryogenics lab he was occupying to find a cure for his wife, Nora, who was suffering from a terminal illness called MacGregor's Syndrome.

Meanwhile, botanist Dr. Pamela Isley is experimenting with the strength serum "Venom" to create mutant plants capable of fighting back against mankind's destruction of flora. She is furious to learn that her senior colleague Dr. Jason Woodrue used her Venom samples to transform a diminutive prisoner into the "super soldier" Bane. When she refuses to become the mad scientist's partner, Woodrue kills her with animal-plant toxins and chemicals. She transforms into the beautiful Poison Ivy and kills Woodrue with a venomous kiss before vowing to use her new powers to establish botanical supremacy over the world.

Alfred Pennyworth's niece Barbara Wilson makes a surprise visit from England and is invited to stay at Wayne Manor until she returns to university. Alfred is revealed to be suffering from MacGregor's Syndrome.

Ivy arrives in Gotham City with Bane as her henchman. She interrupts a Wayne Enterprises press conference at the Gotham Observatory where a giant new telescope is being unveiled, exhorting Bruce Wayne to implement a proposal that would safeguard the natural environment at the expense of millions of human lives, which Bruce summarily declines. She later appears at the Gotham Botanical Gardens fundraiser, seduccing everyone present with her pheromone dust, including the Dynamic Duo, who are there to protect a diamond on auction from Mr. Freeze. When Freeze crashes the event as expected, Ivy is instantly captivated by his "ruthless charm". Despite being captured by Batman and detained at the Arkham Asylum, Mr. Freeze is released by Ivy.

Ivy then proceeds to turn off Nora Fries' life support and makes Mr. Freeze believe Batman did it, thereby persuading him that they should kill Batman as well as the society that created him. They plan to turn the observatory's new telescope into a giant freezing gun to freeze the whole world's population to death and replace them with Ivy's mutant plants.

Meanwhile, Robin has become infatuated with Ivy and rebels against Batman, just as the villainess planned. He eventually goes to meet her at her garden hide-out. Ivy's venomous kiss fails to kill Robin because Batman had prevailed on him to coat his lips with rubber. She tries to drown Robin in her lily pond and entangles Batman in her crushing vines, although they are able to free themselves when Batgirl arrives and traps Ivy in her own floral throne. Having discovered the Batcave and decided to create her own crime-fighting persona with Alfred's help, Batgirl reveals herself as Barbara.

When the Trio arrive at the Observatory to stop Freeze, the criminal has already frozen Gotham. Bane attacks Robin and Batgirl, but they incapacitate him and restore him to his original human state. The two younger heroes save Gotham by repositioning the observatory's satellites, using their mirrors to reflect sunlight from outer space to thaw the city.

Batman shows Freeze video footage of Ivy's confession about pulling the plug on Nora, but reveals that he himself restored Nora. He vows that Freeze will be allowed to continue his research at Arkham Asylum to heal Nora. Batman asks Freeze for the cure he created for the first stage of MacGregor's Syndrome for Alfred and Freeze atones for his misdeeds by giving him two vials of the medicine he had developed.

At Arkham, Ivy is joined in her cell by Freeze, who promises to make her life a living hell. Back at Wayne Manor, Alfred is cured and Bruce invites Barbara to live with them and continue helping him and Dick fight crime as Batgirl.

Cast[]

  • George Clooney as Bruce Wayne/Batman: A billionaire industrialist who witnessed his parents' murder as a young boy. At night, Bruce becomes Batman, Gotham City's vigilante protector. Eric Lloyd portrays him as a child in a flashback.
  • Alicia Silverstone as Barbara Wilson/Batgirl: Her parents had previously died in a car accident. Alfred, her uncle, was very close to her mother, Margaret. As she is Alfred's niece and is an orphan, Barbara is not Commissioner Gordon's daughter like in the comics, hence why her surname is Wilson instead of Gordon.
  • Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth: The trusted butler for Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson. Alfred is dying of a rare disease from which Mr. Freeze's wife also suffers.
  • Pat Hingle as Commissioner James Gordon: The police commissioner of Gotham City. He is close to Batman and informs him of numerous crimes.
  • John Glover as Dr. Jason Woodrue: A deranged scientist who aims to create Venom-powered "supersoldiers" to sell to dictators and warlords in order to make millions. He is responsible for the creation of both Bane and Poison Ivy, the latter of whom kills him with a kiss from her toxic lips.
  • Vivica A. Fox as Ms. B. Haven: Mr. Freeze's sexy assistant who flirts with him constantly. He is unresponsive, as he is still in love with his wife.
  • Robert "Jeep" Swenson as Bane: Poison Ivy's bodyguard and muscle, who was originally a diminutive serial murderer named Antonio Diego (portrayed by Michael Reid MacKay). Transformed into a hugely powerful "Super-soldier" by the strength-enhancing drug "Venom", he was seen getting Mr. Freeze's suit back from Arkham Asylum,as well as fighting against the main heroes several times. Despite proving more than a match for Batman and Robin earlier on, he is eventually defeated by Robin and Batgirl after they find a way to stop the venom flow to his brain.

Production[]

Development[]

With the box office success of Batman Forever in June 1995, Warner Bros. instantly commissioned a sequel.[2] They hired director Joel Schumacher and writer Akiva Goldsman to reprise their duties the following August,[3] and decided it was best to fast track production for a June 1997 target release date, which is a break from the usual 3-year gap between films.[2] Schumacher wanted to homage both the broad camp style of the 1960s television series and the work of Dick Sprang.[4] The storyline of Batman & Robin was conceived by Schumacher and Goldsman during pre-production on A Time to Kill.[5] Portions of Mr. Freeze's back-story were based on the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Heart of Ice", written by Paul Dini.[6]

While Chris O'Donnell reprises the role of Robin, Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role of Batman from Batman Forever. Schumacher admitted he had difficulty working with Kilmer on Forever. "He sort of quit," Schumacher said, "and we sort of fired him."[7] Kilmer said he was not aware of the fast track production and was already committed to The Saint (1997).[3] Schumacher cast George Clooney in the role because he felt the actor could provide a lighter interpretation of the character than Michael Keaton (in Batman and Batman Returns) and Kilmer.[3] The shooting schedule allowed Clooney to simultaneously work on ER without any scheduling conflicts.[4]

Patrick Stewart was considered for the role of Mr. Freeze,[8] before the script was rewritten to accommodate Arnold Schwarzenegger's casting.[9] Schumacher decided that Mr. Freeze must be "big and strong like he was chiseled out of a glacier".[3] Schwarzenegger was paid a $25 million salary for the role.[10][11] His prosthetic makeup and wardrobe took six hours to apply each day.[12] Before Uma Thurman's casting, Demi Moore was considered for the role of Poison Ivy.[8] Thurman took the role because she liked the femme fatale characterization of the character.[3] Alicia Silverstone was the only choice for the role of Batgirl.[8]

Filming[]

The original start date was August 1996,[7] but Principal photography did not begin until September 12, 1996.[13] Batman & Robin finished filming in late January 1997,[14] two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.[4] The film was mostly shot at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank.[3]

When comparing work on Batman Forever, Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, explained, "It just felt like everything got a little soft the second time. On Batman Forever, I felt like I was making a movie. The second time, I felt like I was making a kid's toy commercial."[3] He also complained of the Robin costume, saying it was more involved and uncomfortable than the one he wore in Batman Forever, with a glued-on mask which caused sweat to pool on his face.[15] According to John Glover, who played Dr. Jason Woodrue, "Joel [Schumacher] would sit on a crane with a megaphone and yell before each take, 'Remember, everyone, this is a cartoon'. It was hard to act because that kind of set the tone for the film."[3] Production designer Barbara Ling admitted her influences for the Gotham City design came from "neon-ridden Tokyo and the Machine Age. Gotham is like a World's Fair on ecstasy."[16] Rhythm and Hues and Pacific Data Images created the visual effects sequences, with John Dykstra and Andrew Adamson credited as the visual effects supervisors.[17]

Stunt coordinator Alex Field taught Alicia Silverstone to ride a motorcycle so that she could play Batgirl.[15]

Music[]

Main article: Batman & Robin (soundtrack)

Like Batman Forever, the original score for the film was written by Elliot Goldenthal.[18] The soundtrack featured a variety of genres by various bands and performers, showcasing alternative rock on the lead single "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" by The Smashing Pumpkins, on the Goo Goo Dolls' contribution, "Lazy Eye" and with R.E.M.'s song "Revolution". R&B singer R. Kelly also wrote "Gotham City" for the soundtrack, which became the other song featured in the end credits, as well as one of the singles, reaching the top 10 in the United States and in the UK. Eric Benét and Meshell Ndegeocello also contributed R&B songs. Also included was the top 5 second single, "Look into My Eyes" by the hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Other songs featured included electronic dance elements, including those by Moloko and Arkana. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 1997, a month before the film.[19][20]

Marketing[]

The Batman & Robin film trailer debuted on the February 19, 1997 episode of Entertainment Tonight.[21] Warner Bros. spent $15 million to market and promote the film, in addition to its $125 million production budget.[1] The studio also brought in toy companies to be involved with pre-production, including the design of concept art and character illustrations. Director Joel Schumacher criticized Warner Bros.' strategy for Batman & Robin as being overtly toyetic. Various Six Flags parks (Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Over Texas, as well as Six Flags St. Louis) all debuted coasters themed to the film (all of which have been either closed, or re-themed to resemble Batman: The Animated Series).[3]

Reception[]

Box office[]

Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997 in North America, earning $42,872,605 in its opening weekend,[22] making it the third-highest opening weekend of 1997.[23] However, the film rapidly declined with a 63% second-week plunge.[24] Many observers based the second week drop on negative word of mouth. In addition, Batman & Robin faced early competition with Face/Off,Hercules and Scream 2.[1] Schumacher blamed it on yellow journalism started by Harry Knowles of Ain't It Cool News and other film websites such as Dark Horizons.[25] The film went on to gross $107.3 million in North America and $130.9 million internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $238.2 million.[22] Warner Bros. acknowledged Batman & Robin's shortcomings in the domestic market but pointed out success overseas.[1]

Critical reaction[]

"If there's anybody watching this, that... let's say, loved Batman Forever, and went into Batman & Robin with great anticipation, if I've disappointed them in any way, then I really want to apologize. Because it wasn't my intention. My intention was just to entertain them."

—Joel Schumacher's apologizing for his work on the film[3]

Batman & Robin received negative reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 12% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 66 reviews, certifying it "Rotten", with an average rating of 3.4/10, the consensus: "Joel Schumacher's tongue-in-cheek attitude hits an unbearable limit in Batman & Robin, resulting in a frantic and mindless movie that's too jokey to care much for."[26] Metacritic collected an average score of 28, based on 21 reviews which is regarded as "generally unfavorable".[27]

Schumacher and producer Peter MacGregor-Scott blamed the negative reception of Batman & Robin on Warner Bros.' decision to fast track production. "There was a lot of pressure from Warner Bros. to make Batman & Robin more family-friendly," Schumacher explained. "We decided to do a less depressing Batman movie and less torture and more heroic. I know I have been criticized a lot for this, but I didn't see the harm in that approach at all."[3] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the toyetic approach and Mr. Freeze's one-liner jokes in his two-star review of the film.[28] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times believed the film "killed" the Batman film series, and felt Batman & Robin depended too much on visual effects.[29] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post largely disapproved of Schumacher's direction and Akiva Goldsman's script.[30] Mick LaSalle, writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, said, "George Clooney is the big zero of the film, and should go down in history as the George Lazenby of the series."[31] However, Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave a positive review. She praised Uma Thurman's acting, as well as the production and costume design.[32]

Batman & Robin was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as categories for Best Make-up and Best Costume. Alicia Silverstone won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress. Other nominations at the Razzie Awards included Schumacher (Worst Director), George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell (Worst Screen Couple), Akiva Goldsman (Worst Screenplay), both Chris O'Donnell and Arnold Schwarzenegger (Worst Supporting Actor), Uma Thurman (Worst Supporting Actress), as well as Billy Corgan (Worst Song for "The End Is the Beginning Is the End"). Batman & Robin also received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Reckless Disregard for Human Life and Public Property. Ultimately, out of 11 nominations, Batman & Robin' garnered only one Razzie Award.

Many observers thought Schumacher added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline.[3] James Berardinelli questioned the "random amount of rubber nipples and camera angle close-ups of the Dynamic Duo's butts and Bat-crotches."[33] Similar to Batman Forever, this primarily included the decision to add nipples and enlarged codpieces to Batman and Robin suits. Schumacher stated, "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues, which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct."[3] Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual."[3] George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another Batman film because Batman was gay".[34] Clooney himself has spoken critically of the film, saying, "I think we might have killed the franchise",[35] and called it "a waste of money".[36]

Cancelled sequel and legacy[]

See also: Batman in film#Proposals for fifth film

During the filming of Batman & Robin, Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies, prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a sequel. However, writer Akiva Goldsman turned down an offer to write the script.[4] In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film. A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.[37] Titled Batman Triumphant, Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain. Through the use of his fear toxin, he resurrects the Joker as a hallucination in Batman's mind. Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter.[38] George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell were set to reprise the roles of Batman and Robin, and Jack Nicholson was in negotiations to return as the Joker. However, following the failure of Batman & Robin, Clooney vowed never to reprise his role.[39]

Warner Bros. decided to consider a live-action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's Batman: Year One. Warner would then produce whichever idea suited them the most.[40] Schumacher felt he "owe[d] the Batman culture a real Batman movie. I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight."[41] He approached Warner Bros. about doing Batman: Year One in mid-1998,[41] but they were more interested in hiring Darren Aronofsky. Aronofsky and Frank Miller developed a Year One script with Aronofsky to direct, but it was ultimately canceled. Christopher Nolan was eventually hired to helm the next Batman film in January 2003, resulting in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005).[40]

In "Legends of the Dark Knight", an episode of The New Batman Adventures, three teenagers discuss their ideas about what Batman is really like. They briefly meet a youth called Joel whose idea of Batman reflects characterizations and costumes portrayed within Schumacher's "Batman and Robin". The teens treat Joel's ideas with utter disdain.[42] In Watchmen, director Zack Snyder and comic book artist Dave Gibbons choose to parody the molded muscle and nipple Batsuit design from Batman & Robin for the Ozymandias costume.[43][44] The film is referenced in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Legends of the Dark Mite!", when Bat-Mite briefly uses his powers to transform Batman's costume into the same suit shown in the Joel Schumacher Batman films, before declaring it "Too icky".[45] The Batman from Batman & Robin later appeared as part of an army of Batmen gathered from across the Multiverse in "Night of the Batmen!", complete with the rubber blue Batsuit. Additionally, while there where worries within Warner Bros., surrounding the negative critical reaction to Batman & Robin and how that may come to harm the success of their subsequent direct-to-video animated feature film, Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, that was originally planned for release at around the same time as Batman & Robin but was subsequently delayed.[46] SubZero, nevertheless, still managed to go on to receive a far stronger positive response from critics, faring much better than Batman & Robin, with Mr. Freeze's role within it being seen in a much more positive rather than negative light, returning his status as a Batman opponant to one which was at least a lot closer to the level of popularity that was reached by him within the two Emmy-winning episodes that featured him in Batman: The Animated Series.[46]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dave Karger (July 11, 1997). "Big Chill". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,288644,00.html. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Michael Fleming (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". Variety. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117435255. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 [[wikipedia:Joel Schumacher|]], Peter MacGregor-Scott, [[wikipedia:Chris O'Donnell|]], [[wikipedia:Val Kilmer|]], [[wikipedia:Uma Thurman|]], John Glover, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound, 2005, Warner Home Video
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Michael Mallory; Michael Fleming (March 5, 1997). "Holy caped caper, IV". Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117343043. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  5. ↑ Rick Setlowe (March 5, 1997). "The write kind of director". Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117343096. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  6. ↑ [[wikipedia:Paul Dini|]], Batman & Robin: The Heroes, 2005, Warner Home Video
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rebecca Ascher-Walsh (May 31, 1995). "Psycho Kilmer". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,292752,00.html. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Jeff Gordinier; Jeffrey Wells (December 15, 1995). "Bat Signal". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299916,00.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008. 
  9. ↑ Michael Mallory (March 5, 1997). "An ice-cold Arnold sends Batman back to his cave". Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117343049. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  10. ↑ Dave Karger; Cindy Pearlman (March 14, 1997). "The Bat and the Beautiful". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,287018,00.html. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  11. ↑ Masters, Kim (August 5, 1996). "Hollywood Fades to Red". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984941-1,00.html. Retrieved February 19, 2009. 
  12. ↑ "Summer Movie Preview". Entertainment Weekly. May 16, 1997. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,287931,00.html. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  13. ↑ Degen Pener (September 13, 1996). "Holy Hearsay". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,294102,00.html. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  14. ↑ Anita M. Busch (January 10, 1997). "Schumacher on 'Popcorn'". Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117433911. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Allstetter, Rob (August 1997). "The Bat-Box". Wizard (72): p. 120. 
  16. ↑ Barbara Ling, Bigger, Bolder, Brighter: The Production Design of Batman & Robin, 2005, Warner Home Video
  17. ↑ [[wikipedia:John Dykstra|]], [[wikipedia:Andrew Adamson|]], Freeze Frame: The Visual Effects of Batman & Robin, 2005, Warner Home Video
  18. ↑ Chapman, Glen (December 14, 2010). Music in the movies: Elliot Goldenthal. Den of Geek ([[wikipedia:Dennis Publishing|]]). Retrieved on November 30, 2012.
  19. ↑ Browne, David (June 27, 1997). Batman & Robin. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved on November 30, 2012.
  20. ↑ Awards and Chart positions for Batman & Robin (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture). [[wikipedia:Allmusic|]].
  21. ↑ Jenny Hontz (February 20, 1997). "Inside Moves". Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117436590. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Batman and Robin. Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved on November 12, 2008.
  23. ↑ 1997 Domestic Grosses. Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved on November 12, 2008.
  24. ↑ "'Bat' beats up B.O.". Variety. July 8, 1997. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1116677093. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  25. ↑ Rex Weiner (July 29, 1997). "Www.h'w'd.ticked". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1116675713. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  26. ↑ Batman & Robin. [[wikipedia:Rotten Tomatoes|]]. Retrieved on March 27, 2013.
  27. ↑ Batman & Robin (1997): Reviews. Metacritic. [[wikipedia:CBS Interactive|]]. Retrieved on April 17, 2010.
  28. ↑ Roger Ebert (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19970620/REVIEWS/706200301/1023. Retrieved November 12, 2008. 
  29. ↑ [[wikipedia:Kenneth Turan|]] (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080802132112/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie970620-5,0,5219709.story. Retrieved November 12, 2008. 
  30. ↑ [[wikipedia:Desson Thomson|]] (June 20, 1997). "Batman & Robin". The Washington Post. 
  31. ↑ [[wikipedia:Mick LaSalle|]] (June 20, 1997). "Batman Chills Out". San Francisco Chronicle. 
  32. ↑ [[wikipedia:Janet Maslin|]] (June 20, 1997). "Batman and Robin". The New York Times. 
  33. ↑ [[wikipedia:James Berardinelli|]]. Batman and Robin. ReelViews.net. Retrieved on November 13, 2008.
  34. ↑ Sharon Swart; Bill Higgins (June 27, 2005). "'Happy' to sign off". Variety. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. http://www.variety.com/vstory/vr1117925178.html?categoryID=38&cs=1. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  35. ↑ Daniel, Mac (June 12, 2005). "Batman and Robin". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2005/06/12/behind_the_masks/?page=1. Retrieved May 17, 2006. 
  36. ↑ Lynn Hirschberg (November 3, 2002). "Questions for George Clooney; True Confessions". The New York Times. 
  37. ↑ Michael Fleming (February 21, 1997). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". Variety. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117435255. Retrieved October 17, 2008. 
  38. ↑ Brian Linder (July 27, 2000). "Rumblings From Gotham". [[wikipedia:IGN|]]. http://movies.ign.com/articles/034/034019p1.html. Retrieved October 17, 2008. 
  39. ↑ Michael Fleming (November 11, 1997). "Schumacher trims sails". Variety. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1116680121. Retrieved November 11, 2008. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 David Hughes (March 2004). "The Dark Knight Strikes Out". Tales From Development Hell. London: [[wikipedia:Titan Books|]]. pp. 192–211. ISBN 1-84023-691-4. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Jeff Jensen (December 4, 1998). "Winging It". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,285969,00.html. Retrieved October 17, 2008. 
  42. ↑ "Legends of the Dark Knight". [[wikipedia:Dan Riba|]] (director), [[wikipedia:Bruce Timm|]]; Robert Goodman (writers). [[wikipedia:Batman: The Animated Series|]]. October 10, 1998. No. 19, season 2.
  43. ↑ Frosty (June 26, 2008). "Exclusive Zack Snyder Video Interview Backstage at Saturn Awards". Collider.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. http://www.collider.com/entertainment/news/article.asp/aid/8331/tcid/1. Retrieved November 14, 2008. 
  44. ↑ [[wikipedia:Dave Gibbons|]] (December 2008). "Watchmen's artist tells us how the famed graphic novel changed his life and gives some thoughts on the upcoming movie and game". [[wikipedia:Electronic Gaming Monthly|]]: p. 53. 
  45. ↑ "Legends of the Dark Mite!". Ben Jones (director), [[wikipedia:Paul Dini|]] (writer). [[wikipedia:Batman: The Brave and the Bold|]]. May 29, 2009. No. 19, season 1.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Stomp Tokyo Video Reviews - Batman & Mr. Freeze: Subzero. Stomptokyo.com (March 25, 1998). Retrieved on May 21, 2013.

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