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| + | This page gives you the opportunity to redirect to the wiki covering this topic or stay on the [[Main Page|Crossgen Comics Database]]. |
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| − | {{Redirect|US divisions|the political divisions that make up the United States|List of states and territories of the United States}} |
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| + | ---- |
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| − | {{Infobox military unit |
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| + | Clicking on the link below will redirect you to the {{pagename}} Wikipedia article. |
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| − | |unit_name= United States Army |
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| − | |image= [[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|center|180px]] |
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| − | |caption= [[Department of the Army Seal and Emblem|Department of the Army Emblem]] |
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| − | |dates= {{nowrap| 14 June 1775 – present<br>({{Age in years and months|1775|06|14}})}}<ref name="birth date">{{cite book |last=Wright, Jr. |first=Robert K. |title=The Continental Army (Army Lineage Series) |year=1983 |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780160019319 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ContArmy/CA-fm.htm |oclc= 8806011}}</ref><ref>Maass, John R. [http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html "June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army"]. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</ref> |
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| − | |country= {{flag|United States of America}} |
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| − | |allegiance= {{nowrap|[[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]]}} |
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| − | |branch= |
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| − | |type= [[Army]] |
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| − | |size= 546,047 Active personnel <br>559,244 Reserve and National Guard personnel <br>1,105,301 total<ref name=FY12Demographics/> |
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| − | |command_structure= <small>[[United States Department of War|Department of War]] (1789–1947) <br>[[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]] (1947–present)</small> |
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| − | |motto= "This We'll Defend" |
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| − | |colors= Black, Gold {{color box|#000000}}{{color box|#FFD700}} |
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| − | |march= "[[The Army Goes Rolling Along]]" |
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| − | * [[American Revolutionary War]] |
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| − | * [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] |
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| − | * [[War of 1812]] |
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| − | * [[Mexican–American War]] |
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| − | * [[Utah War]] |
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| − | * [[American Civil War]] |
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| − | * [[Spanish-American War]] |
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| − | * [[Philippine-American War]] |
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| − | * [[Banana Wars]] |
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| − | * [[Boxer Rebellion]] |
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| − | * [[Border War (1910–1918)|Border War]] |
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| − | * [[World War I]] |
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| − | * [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]] |
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| − | * [[World War II]] |
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| − | * [[Korean War]] |
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| − | * [[1958 Lebanon crisis]] |
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| − | * [[Operation Power Pack]] |
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| − | * [[Vietnam War]] |
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| − | * [[Operation Eagle Claw]] |
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| − | * [[Invasion of Grenada]] |
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| − | * [[United States Invasion of Panama|Invasion of Panama]] |
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| − | * [[Persian Gulf War]] |
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| − | * [[Somali Civil War]] |
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| − | * [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Kosovo War]] |
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| − | * [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|War in Afghanistan]] |
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| − | * [[Iraq War]] |
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| − | |anniversaries= [[U.S. Army Birthdays|Army Day (14 June)]] |
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| − | |website= {{url|http://www.army.mil/|www.Army.mil}} |
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| − | <!-- Senior Leaders --> |
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| − | |commander1= [[The Honorable]] [[John M. McHugh]] |
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| − | |commander1_label=[[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary]] |
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| − | |commander2= [[General (United States)|Gen.]] [[Raymond T. Odierno]] |
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| − | |commander2_label= [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff]] |
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| − | |commander3= Gen. [[John F. Campbell (general)|John F. Campbell]] |
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| − | |commander3_label= [[Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Vice Chief of Staff]] |
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| − | |commander4= SMA [[Raymond F. Chandler]] |
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| − | |commander4_label= [[Sergeant Major of the Army|Sergeant Major]] |
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| − | <!-- Insignia --> |
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| − | |identification_symbol= [[File:Flag of the United States Army.png|border|100px]] |
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| − | |identification_symbol_label=[[Flag of the United States Army|United States Army flag]] |
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| − | <!-- Aircraft --> |
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| − | }} |
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| − | The '''United States Army''' ('''USA''') is the main branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]] responsible for [[Army|land-based military]] operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven [[Uniformed services of the United States|U.S. uniformed services]]. The modern army has its roots in the [[Continental Army]] which was formed on 14 June 1775,<ref name="Army_birth"/> to meet the demands of the [[American Revolutionary War]] before the establishment of the United States. The [[Congress of the Confederation]] officially created the United States Army on 3 June 1784<ref name="Army_LOC">Library of Congress, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lljc&fileName=027/lljc027.db&recNum=166&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A@field%28DOCID%2B@lit%28jc0271%29%29%230270001&linkText=1 Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 27]</ref><ref name=Army_History>{{Cite journal |publication-date=15 November 2004 |title=Army Birthdays |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url=http://www.history.army.mil/faq/branches.htm |accessdate=Jun 2010<!--based on date of introduction; see oldid=365887842--> |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100420124819/http://www.history.army.mil/faq/branches.htm |archivedate=20 April 2010 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> after the end of the Revolutionary War to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The army considers itself to be descended from the Continental Army and thus dates its inception from the origins of that force.<ref name="Army_birth">{{cite web| publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]| url= http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |title= 14 June: The Birthday of the U.S. Army |accessdate= 1 July 2011}} an excerpt from Robert Wright, ''The Continental Army''</ref> |
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| + | '''Take me to the Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army {{pagename}}] article'''. |
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| − | The primary mission of the army is "to fight and win our Nation’s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders."<ref>[http://www.army.mil/info/organization/ The United States Army |Organization<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The army is a [[military service]] within the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], one of the three military departments of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. The army is headed by the [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], and the top [[military officer]] in the department is the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]]. The highest ranking army officer is currently the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. During [[Fiscal year#United States|fiscal year]] 2011, the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] reported a strength of 546,057 [[soldier]]s; the [[Army National Guard]] (ARNG) reported 358,078 and the [[United States Army Reserve]] (USAR) reported 201,166 putting the combined component strength total at 1,105,301 soldiers.<ref name=FY12Demographics>[http://www.armyg1.army.mil/hr/docs/demographics/FY12_ARMY_PROFILE.pdf Department of the Army, Deputy Chief of Staff (Human Resources/G-1), "Army Demographics – FY12 Army Profile"] (demographics brochure)</ref> |
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| − | ==Mission== |
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| − | The United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Forces]]. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/usc_sec_10_00003062----000-.html §3062 of Title 10 US Code] defines the purpose of the army as:<ref>DA Pamphlet 10-1 ''Organization of the United States Army''; Figure 1.2 ''Military Operations''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=10 USC 3062: Policy; composition; organized peace establishment|url=http://uscodebeta.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section3062&num=0&edition=prelim|publisher=US House of Representatives|accessdate=21 Aug 13}}</ref> |
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| − | * Preserving the peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States, the Commonwealths and possessions and any areas occupied by the United States |
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| − | * Supporting the national policies |
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| − | * Implementing the national objectives |
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| − | * Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States |
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| + | Click here to return to the [http://crossgencomicsdatabase.wikia.com/wiki/Crossgen_Comics_Database_Wiki Crossgen Comics Database] main page or just hit your browsers back button to return to your previous page. |
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| − | ==History== |
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| − | {{Main|History of the United States Army}} |
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| − | {{Cleanup split|History of the United States Army|date=August 2010}} |
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| + | ---- |
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| − | ===Origins=== |
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| + | These Redirect pages can be eliminated in either of two ways. |
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| − | [[File:Bataille Yorktown.jpg|thumb|left|Storming of Redoubt #10 during the [[Siege of Yorktown]]]] |
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| + | * #1 Create a article of our own for this page. |
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| + | * #2 On every page a {{Pagename}} link exists make a direct link to the original Wikipedia article. |
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| + | Things to think about: |
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| − | The [[Continental Army]] was created on 14 June 1775 by the [[Continental Congress]] as a unified army for the colonies to fight [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], with [[George Washington]] appointed as its commander.<ref name="Army_birth"/> The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, and military thinking influenced the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]], who taught the army Prussian tactics and organizational skills. |
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| + | * #1 Creating our own page for this article may add a superfluous amount of pages. |
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| + | * #2 Some of these article links may be on hundreds of pages that would need direct links. |
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| − | The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South 1780–81 sometimes used the [[Fabian strategy]] and [[hit-and-run tactics]], hitting where the enemy was weakest, to wear down the British forces. Washington led victories against the British at [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]] and [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], but lost a series of battles around New York City in 1776 and Philadelphia in 1777. With a decisive victory at [[siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]], and the help of the [[Early Modern France|French]], the Continental Army prevailed against the British. |
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| − | After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the [[Republicanism in the United States|republican]] distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of [[First American Regiment|a regiment]] to guard the [[Northwest Territory|Western Frontier]] and one battery of artillery guarding [[West Point]]'s arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] was at first very small, and after General [[St. Clair's Defeat|St. Clair's defeat]] at the Battle of the Wabash, the Regular Army was reorganized as the [[Legion of the United States]], which was established in 1791 and renamed the "United States Army" in 1796. |
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| − | ===19th century=== |
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| − | [[File:Battle of New Orleans.jpg|thumb|left|General [[Andrew Jackson]] stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking [[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|Highlanders]] during the [[Battle of New Orleans|defense of New Orleans]], the final major battle of the War of 1812]] |
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| − | The [[War of 1812]], the second and last American war against Britain, was less successful than the Revolution had been. Despite the [[Battle of York|Burning of York]] and [[Battle of the Thames|Death of Tecumseh]] which caused his Indian confederacy to collapse, an invasion of Canada failed, and U.S. troops were unable to stop the British from [[Burning of Washington|burning the new capital of Washington, D.C.]]. However, the Regular Army, under Generals [[Alexander Macomb (general)|Alexander Macomb]] and [[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Samuel Smith]], proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the [[Battle of Plattsburgh|invasions of Plattsburgh]] and [[Battle of Baltimore|Baltimore]], and the relatively small US Navy, often attached with [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], earned most of the victory against the Royal Navy at sea. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, [[Andrew Jackson]] defeated the British in the [[Battle of New Orleans]] and became a national hero. Per the treaty both sides returned to the [[status quo]] with no victor. |
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| − | The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818–1858) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too is no use because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.<ref>Ron Field and Richard Hook, ''The Seminole Wars 1818–58'' (2009)</ref> |
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| − | The U.S. Army fought and won the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848), which was a defining event for both countries.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/ "The US-Mexican War (1846–1848)" PBS.org]</ref> The U.S. victory resulted in acquisition of territory that eventually became all or parts of the states of [[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Wyoming]] and [[New Mexico]]. |
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| − | [[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the turning point of the American Civil War]] |
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| − | The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] was the most costly war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most states in the South [[secession|seceded]] to form the [[Confederate States of America]], CSA troops opened fire on the Union-held [[Fort Sumter]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], starting the war. Forces loyal to the United States were commonly called the [[Union Army]] during that war. |
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| − | For the first two years Confederate forces solidly defeated the U.S. Army, with a few exceptions.<ref>McPherson, James M., ed. "The Atlas of the Civil War", (Philadelphia, PA, 2010)</ref> The Confederates had the advantage of defending a very large country in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863 the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies did very well in combat, but the western armies were defeated one after another until New Orleans was lost in 1862 along with the Tennessee River, the Mississippi River was lost in 1863, and Atlanta fell in 1864.<ref>McPherson, James M., ed. ''The Atlas of the Civil War'' (Philadelphia, 2010)</ref> Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had Lee under siege in Richmond. Lee lost his Confederate capital in April 1865 and was captured at [[Appomatox Courthouse]]; the other Confederate armies quickly surrendered. |
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| − | The war remains the deadliest conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in [[Northern United States|the North]] and 18% in [[Southern United States|the South]].<ref>Maris Vinovskis (1990). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gySktxKYPGoC&pg=PA7&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Toward a social history of the American Civil War: exploratory essays]''". Cambridge University Press. p.7. ISBN 0-521-39559-3</ref> |
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| − | Following the Civil War, the U.S. Army fought a long battle with several western tribes of Native Americans. |
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| − | By the 1890s the U.S. saw itself as a potential international player. U.S. victories in the [[Spanish–American War]] and the controversial and less well known [[Philippine–American War]], as well as U.S. intervention in [[Latin America]] and the [[Boxer Rebellion]], gained America more land and power. |
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| − | ===20th century=== |
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| − | [[File:At close grips2.jpg|thumb|left|Assault on a German bunker, [[France]], circa 1918]] |
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| − | Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>Cragg, Dan, ed., ''The Guide to Military Installations'', Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, 1983, p.272</ref> In 1910, [[Mexico]] was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to American towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, [[Pancho Villa]], a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a [[Pancho Villa Expedition|U.S. intervention in Mexico]] until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The [[United States]] joined [[World War I]] in 1917 on the side of [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[France]], [[Russia]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and other [[Allies of World War I|allies]]. U.S. troops were sent to the front and were involved in the push that finally broke through the German lines. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces. |
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| − | [[File:Troops advance in a snowstorm.jpg|thumb|3rd battalion, [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th PIR]] advance in a snowstorm behind a tank, January 1945]] |
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| − | [[File:U.S. Soldiers at Bougainville (Solomon Islands) March 1944.jpg|thumb|American soldiers hunt Japanese infiltrators during the [[Bougainville Campaign]]]] |
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| − | The U.S. joined [[World War II]] after the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. On the [[European Theatre of World War II|European front]], U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured [[North Africa]] and [[Sicily]]. On [[D-Day]] and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of [[Nazi Germany]], millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role. In the [[Pacific War|Pacific]], army soldiers participated alongside [[U.S. Marines]] in capturing the [[Pacific Islands]] from Japanese control. Following the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the [[Army Air Forces]] separated from the army to become the [[United States Air Force]] in September 1947 after decades of attempting to separate. Also, in 1948, the army was [[desegregation|desegregated]] by [[Executive Order 9981|order]] of President [[Harry S. Truman]]. |
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| − | The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the [[Cold War]]. With the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under [[Seventh United States Army]] in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and the [[United Kingdom]], until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] attack. |
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| − | [[File:Warkorea American Soldiers.jpg|thumb|left|2nd Infantry Division soldiers man a machine gun during the [[Korean War]]]] |
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| − | During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought [[communism|Communist]] forces in Korea and [[Vietnam]]. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a [[United Nations]] umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of [[South Korea]] by [[North Korea]], and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the [[PRC]] [[People's Volunteer Army]]'s entry into the war, the [[s:Korean Armistice Agreement|Korean Armistice Agreement]] returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953. |
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| − | The [[Vietnam War]] is often regarded{{By whom|date=March 2012}} as a low point for the army due to the use of [[The Draft|drafted personnel]], the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]]. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the [[guerrilla war|guerrilla]] hit and run tactics of the communist [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam|Viet Cong]] and the [[Vietnam People's Army|North Vietnamese Army]]. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle.<ref>Woodruff, Mark. ''Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army 1961–1973'' (Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1999).<!--page#?--></ref> |
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| − | [[File:DakToVietnam1966.jpg|thumb|right|A U.S. Army infantry patrol moves up to assault the last [[Viet Cong]] position at Dak To, South Vietnam during Operation Hawthorne]] |
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| − | During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the [[Army National Guard]] and the [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]].<ref>Wilson, John B. (1997). Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, Chapter XII, for references see Note 48.</ref> In 1967 Secretary of Defense [[McNamara]] decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions (1 mechanized infantry, 2 armored, and 5 infantry), but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 (1 airborne, 1 armored, 2 mechanized infantry, and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not set well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. No reduction, however, in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968. |
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| − | [[File:Abrams in formation.jpg|thumb|left|[[M1 Abrams]] move out before the [[Battle of Al Busayyah]] during the [[Gulf War]]]] |
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| − | The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General [[Creighton Abrams]] in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army – the [[Regular Army]], the [[Army National Guard]] and the [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] as a single force.<ref name="Army National Guard Constitution">[http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx Army National Guard Constitution]</ref> Believing that no U.S. president should be able to take the United States (and more specifically the U.S. Army) to war without the support of the American people, General Abrams intertwined the structure of the three components of the army in such a way as to make extended operations impossible, without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve.<ref>Carafano, James, [http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20050203.military.carofano.totalforcepolicyabramsdoctrine.html ''Total Force Policy and the Abrams Doctrine: Unfulfilled Promise, Uncertain Future''], Foreign Policy Research Institute, 3 February 2005.</ref> |
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| − | The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization. The army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology. The [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] of 1986 created [[Unified Combatant Command|unified combatant commands]] bringing the army together with the other four [[United States Military|military services]] under unified, geographically organized command structures. The army also played a role in the invasions of [[Grenada]] in 1983 ([[Invasion of Grenada|Operation Urgent Fury]]) and [[Panama]] in 1989 ([[Operation Just Cause]]). |
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| − | By 1989 [[German reunification|Germany was nearing reunification]] and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000.<ref>An Army at War: Change in the Midst of Conflict, p.515, via [[Google Books]]</ref> A number of incentives such as early retirement were used. In 1990 [[Iraq]] [[Invasion of Kuwait|invaded]] its smaller neighbor, [[Kuwait]], and U.S. land forces, quickly deployed to assure the protection of [[Saudi Arabia]]. In January 1991 [[Operation Desert Storm]] commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to [[Gulf War|drive out Iraqi forces]]. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the [[Iraqi Army]], organized along Soviet lines, in just one hundred hours. |
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| − | After Operation Desert Storm, the army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s but did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities. In 1990 the Department of Defense issued guidance for "rebalancing" after a review of the Total Force Policy,<ref>[http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA235382 Section 1101, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991], Department of Defense Interim Report to Congress, September 1990. (See "[[Rebalancing (investment)|rebalancing]]" as used in finance.)</ref> but in 2004, [[Air War College]] scholars concluded the guidance would reverse the Total Force Policy which is an "essential ingredient to the successful application of military force."<ref>Downey, Chris, [http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA424059 ''The Total Force Policy and Effective Force''], Air War College, 19 March 2004.</ref> |
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| − | ===21st century=== |
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| − | [[File:Ranger MOUT exercise.jpg|thumb|Army Rangers from the [[1st Ranger Battalion]] conduct a [[Urban warfare|MOUT]] exercise at [[Fort Bragg]].]] |
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| − | [[File:Flickr - DVIDSHUB - Operation in Nahr-e Saraj (Image 5 of 7).jpg|thumb|left|Army Rangers take part in a raid during operation ''in Nahr-e Saraj'', Afghanistan]] |
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| − | After the [[September 11 attacks]], and as part of the [[War on Terrorism|Global War on Terror]], U.S. and [[NATO]] forces invaded [[Afghanistan]] in 2001, displacing the [[Taliban]] government. |
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| − | |||
| − | The U.S. Army led the combined U.S. and allied [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Invasion of Afghanistan]] in 2001, [[2003 invasion of Iraq|and Iraq]] in 2003. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to [[counterinsurgency]], resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more.<ref>{{Cite journal |editor=John Pike |publication-date=4 September 2007 |
||
| − | |title=U.S. Casualties in Iraq |format=web page |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69491-9/abstract |accessdate=16 January 2012 |archivedate=5 September 2007 |
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| − | |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070905085202/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_casualties.htm/ |
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| − | |volume=368 |issue=9545 |pages=1421–1428 |pmid= 17055943|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69491-9 |year=2006 |journal=The Lancet |first1=G |last2=Lafta |first2=R |last3=Doocy |first3=S |last4=Roberts |first4=L |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006]|603 KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the second ''Lancet'' study.</ref> 23,813 insurgents<ref>597 killed in 2003,[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009), [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/22/true-civilian-body-count-iraq] 652 killed in May 2004, [http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/] 45 killed in March 2009, [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CJAL-7QPQB7?OpenDocument] 676 killed in 2010, [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-30/iraq-civilian-deaths-drop-for-third-year-as-toll-eases-after-u-s-drawdown.html] 451 killed in 2011 (with the exception of February),[http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-world/jan-iraq-death-toll-highest-in-four-months-20110201-1ac9m.html] [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/03/Two-US-troops-killed-in-Iraq/UPI-84151301845983/] [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Iraq_monthly_death_toll_falls_in_April_999.html] [http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46442] [http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/death-toll-spikes-for-iraqis-us-troops.html] [http://www.arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/August/7991554.aspx] [http://www.nenosplace.com/showthread.php?45792-239-people-killed-in-Iraq-in-August-and-killed-by-the-U.S.-military] [http://gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=461485&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17] [http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Iraq+death+toll+sharply+October/5638077/story.html] thus giving a total of 26,405 dead.</ref> were killed in Iraq between 2003–2011. The lack of stability in the theater of operations has led to longer deployments for Regular Army as well as Reserve and Guard troops.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} |
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| − | |||
| − | The army's chief modernization plan was the [[Future Combat Systems|FCS program]]. Many systems were canceled and the remaining were swept into the [[BCT Modernization|BCT modernization program]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} In response to [[Budget sequestration in 2013]] the army is planned to shrink to a size not seen since the WWII buildup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/24/us/politics/pentagon-plans-to-shrink-army-to-pre-world-war-ii-level.html |title=Pentagon Plans to Shrink Army to Pre-World War II Level |last1=SHANKER |first1=THOM |last2=COOPER |first2=HELENE |date=23 February 2014 |website=www.nytimes.com |publisher=The New York Times Company |accessdate=23 February 2014}} </ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ==Organization== |
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| − | {{Main|Structure of the United States Army}} |
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| − | [[File:DA Pam 10-1 Figure 1-1.png|thumb|organization chart<ref>DA Pam 10-1 ''Organization of the United States Army''; Figure 1-1. '"Army Organizations Execute Specific Functions and Assigned Missions"</ref>]] |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Army components=== |
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| − | The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/p10_1.pdf Organization of the United States Army: America's Army 1775 – 1995, DA PAM 10–1]. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, 14 June 1994.</ref> In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent [[forts]] and perform other non-wartime duties such as [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|engineering]] and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger [[United States Volunteers]] which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time [[militia]]s which could also be called into the service of the army. |
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| − | |||
| − | [[File:American World War II senior military officials, 1945.JPEG|thumb|left|U.S. general officers, World War II, Europe]] |
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| − | |||
| − | By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four separate occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During [[World War I]], the "[[National Army (USA)|National Army]]" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite book |last=Finnegan |first=John Patrick |
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| − | |coauthors=Romana Danysh |editor=Jeffrey J. Clarke |year=1998 |title=Military Intelligence |chapter=Chapter 2: World War I |
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| − | |series=Army Lineage Series |publisher=[[Center of Military History United States Army]] |isbn=0-16-048828-1 |oclc=35741383 |
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| − | |publication-place=Washington, D.C., United States |at=online |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/mi/ch2.htm |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} |
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| − | }}</ref> It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "[[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last=Pullen |first=Randy |publication-date=23 April 2008 |title=Army Reserve Marks First 100 Years |format=online article |
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| − | |work=defencetalk.com |publisher=DefenceTalk |archivedate=24 April 2008 |accessdate=8 August 2008<!--based on page oldid=230430444--> |
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| − | |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/news/publish/army/Army_Reserve_Marks_First_100_Years110015618.php |
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| − | |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080424165606/http://www.defencetalk.com/news/publish/army/Army_Reserve_Marks_First_100_Years110015618.php |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | In 1941, the "[[Army of the United States]]" was founded to fight [[World War II]]. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the [[United States Army Reserve]]. The Army of the United States was re-established for the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]] and was demobilized upon the suspension of the [[Conscription in the United States|draft]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/> |
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| − | |||
| − | Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the [[Militia Act of 1903]] all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President. |
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| − | |||
| − | Since the adoption of the total force policy, in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations. For example, Reserve and Guard units took part in the [[Gulf War]], peacekeeping in [[Kosovo]], Afghanistan, and the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Army commands and army service component commands=== |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" |
||
| − | |- |
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| − | !Army commands |
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| − | !Current commander |
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| − | !Location of headquarters |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Forces Command]] (FORSCOM) || GEN [[Daniel B. Allyn]] || [[Fort Bragg|Ft. Bragg]], [[North Carolina|NC]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command]] (TRADOC) || GEN [[Robert W. Cone]] || [[Fort Eustis|Ft. Eustis]], [[Virginia|VA]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[U.S. Army Materiel Command|United States Army Materiel Command]] (AMC) || GEN [[Dennis L. Via]] || [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Alabama|AL]] |
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| − | |- |
||
| − | !Army service component commands |
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| − | !Current commander |
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| − | !Location of headquarters |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Africa]] (USARAF) / [[Ninth US Army]]<ref>http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go1204.pdf</ref> || MG [[Patrick R. Donahue]] || [[Vicenza]], [[Italy]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Central]] (ARCENT) / [[Third US Army]] || LTG [[James L. Terry]] || [[Shaw Air Force Base|Shaw AFB]], [[South Carolina|SC]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army North]] (ARNORTH) / [[Fifth US Army]] || LTG [[Perry L. Wiggins]] || [[Joint Base San Antonio]], [[Texas|TX]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army South]] (ARSOUTH) / [[Sixth US Army]] || MG Joseph P. DiSalvo || [[Joint Base San Antonio]], [[Texas|TX]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR) / [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh Army]] (US) || LTG [[Donald M. Campbell, Jr.]] || [[Clay Kaserne]], [[Wiesbaden]], [[Germany]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Pacific]] (USARPAC) || GEN [[Vincent K. Brooks]] || [[Fort Shafter|Ft. Shafter]], [[Hawaii|HI]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Special Operations Command]] (USASOC) || LTG [[Charles T. Cleveland]] || [[Fort Bragg|Ft. Bragg]], [[North Carolina|NC]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[Surface Deployment and Distribution Command]] (SDDC) || MG Thomas J.Richardson<ref>{{cite web|date=7 September 2010|title=Commanding General|publisher=United States Army, Surface Deployment and Distribution Command|url=http://www.sddc.army.mil/Who/Biographies/commandinggeneralbiography07sept10.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2012}}</ref> || [[Scott AFB]], [[Illinois|IL]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command]]/ Army Strategic Command (USASMDC/ARSTRAT) || LTG David Mann || [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Alabama|AL]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !Field army headquarters |
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| − | !Current commander |
||
| − | !Location of headquarters |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[Eighth United States Army|Eighth Army]] (EUSA) || LTG Bernard S. Champoux || [[Yongsan Garrison]], [[South Korea]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |||
| − | !Direct reporting units |
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| − | !Current commander |
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| − | !Location of headquarters |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Medical Command]] (MEDCOM) || LTG [[Patricia D. Horoho]] || [[Joint Base San Antonio]], [[Texas|TX]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) || MG Stephen G. Fogarty || [[Fort Belvoir|Ft. Belvoir]], [[Virginia|VA]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Criminal Investigation Command]] (USACIDC) || MG [[David E. Quantock]] || [[Quantico, Virginia|Quantico]], [[Virginia|VA]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACE) || LTG Thomas P. Bostick || [[Washington, D.C.]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Military District of Washington]] (MDW) || MG Jeffrey S. Buchanan || [[Fort McNair|Ft. McNair]], [[Washington, D.C.]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Test and Evaluation Command]] (ATEC) || MG Peter D. Utley || [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria, VA]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) || LTG [[Robert L. Caslen]] || [[West Point, New York|West Point]], [[New York|NY]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Reserve Command]] (USARC) || LTG Jeffrey W. Talley || [[Fort Bragg|Ft. Bragg]], [[North Carolina|NC]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[United States Army Installation Management Command]] (IMCOM) || LTG [[Michael Ferriter]] || [[Joint Base San Antonio]], [[Texas|TX]] |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[U.S. Army Cyber Command|United States Army Cyber Command]] (ARCYBER)<ref>http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/go1026.pdf</ref><ref>[http://www.army.mil/-news/2010/10/01/46012-army-establishes-army-cyber-command/index.html Army establishes CYBER Command]</ref> / [[Second United States Army|Second US Army]] || LTG [[Edward Cardon]] || [[Fort Belvoir|Ft. Belvoir]], [[Virginia|VA]] |
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| − | |} |
||
| − | Source: U.S. Army organization<ref>[http://www.army.mil/info/organization/ Organization], United States Army</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Structure=== |
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| − | {{Main|Transformation of the United States Army}} |
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| − | |||
| − | The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as [[Battle Assembly|battle assemblies]] or unit training assemblies (UTAs), and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under [[Title 10 of the United States Code|Title 10]] of the [[United States Code]], while the National Guard is organized under [[Title 32 of the United States Code|Title 32]]. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors; the District of Columbia National Guard, however, reports to the U.S. President, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.<ref>''Perpich v. Department of Defense'', 496 U.S. 334 (1990)</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | [[File:Purpose chart of US Army Transformation.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Graphic legend of Army Transformation]] |
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| − | |||
| − | The army is led by a civilian [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]].<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap303-sec3013.pdf 10 U.S.C. 3013]</ref> The [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army, i.e. its service chief; and as a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the [[President of the United States of America|President of the United States]], the Secretary of Defense, and the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] on operational military matters, under the guidance of the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman]] and [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]].<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleB-partI-chap305-sec3033.pdf 10 U.S.C. 3033]</ref><ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleA-partI-chap5-sec151.pdf 10 U.S.C. 151]</ref> |
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| − | In 1986, the [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the [[Unified Combatant Command|unified combatant commanders]], who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense.<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title10/pdf/USCODE-2008-title10-subtitleA-partI-chap6-sec162.pdf 10 U.S.C. 162]</ref> |
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| − | [[File:1 CAV DIV charge.jpg|thumb|The [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division's]] combat aviation brigade performs a mock charge with the horse detachment]] |
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| − | [[File:U.S. Army Ranger, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment providing Overwatch in Iraq 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Soldier from the [[2nd Ranger Battalion (United States)|2nd Ranger Battalion]] performing an over watch during combat operations in Iraq]] |
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| − | Through 2013, the army is shifting to six geographical commands that will line up with the six geographical unified combatant commands (COCOM): |
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| − | * [[Third United States Army|United States Army Central]] headquartered at [[Shaw Air Force Base]], [[South Carolina (U.S. state)|South Carolina]] |
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| − | * [[Fifth United States Army|United States Army North]] headquartered at [[Fort Sam Houston]], [[Texas]] |
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| − | * [[United States Army South]] headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas |
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| − | * [[United States Army Europe]] headquartered at [[Clay Kaserne]], Wiesbaden, Germany |
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| − | * [[United States Army Pacific Command|United States Army Pacific]] headquartered at [[Fort Shafter]], Hawaii |
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| − | * [[United States Army Africa]] headquartered at [[Vicenza]], Italy |
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| − | [[File:Special Forces Medic in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Army [[7th Special Forces Group (United States)|7th SFG]] special forces medic in the [[Kandahar Province]] of [[Afghanistan]]]] |
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| − | |||
| − | The army is also changing its base unit from [[Division (military)|divisions]] to [[brigade]]s. When finished, the active army will have increased its combat brigades from 33 to 48, with similar increases in the National Guard and Reserve forces. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e. all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same, and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. There will be three major types of ground combat brigades: |
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| − | * [[Brigade Combat Team#Heavy brigade combat team|Armor]] brigades will have around 3,700 troops and be equivalent to a [[mechanized infantry]] or [[tank]] brigade. |
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| − | * [[Stryker Brigade Combat Team|Stryker]] brigades will have around 3,900 troops and be based on the [[Stryker (vehicle)|Stryker]] family of vehicles. |
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| − | * [[Brigade Combat Team#Infantry Brigade Combat Team|Infantry]] brigades will have around 3,300 troops and be equivalent to a light infantry or airborne brigade. |
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| − | |||
| − | In addition, there are combat support and service support modular brigades. Combat support brigades include [[Combat Aviation Brigade|aviation]] (CAB) brigades, which will come in heavy and light varieties, [[Fires Brigade|fires]] (artillery) brigades, and [[Battlefield Surveillance Brigade|battlefield surveillance]] brigades. [[Combat service support]] brigades include [[Sustainment Brigade|sustainment]] brigades and come in several varieties and serve the standard support role in an army. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Regular combat maneuver organizations=== |
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| − | The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of [[Grow the Army|growth]]. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active combat brigade teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. The Army has yet to announce cuts to its supporting structure, and many observers think the Army will eventually shrink to around 400,000 active duty troops.<ref>http://www.g2mil.com/armyfat.htm</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | Within the Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve there are a further eight divisions, over fifteen maneuver brigades, additional combat support and combat service support brigades, and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer, and support battalions. The Army Reserve in particular provides virtually all psychological operations and civil affairs units. |
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| − | |||
| − | {| class="wikitable" |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !scope="col" style="width:150px"|Name !! Headquarters !! Subunits |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:1st US Armored Division SSI.svg|25px|left]] [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Bliss]], TX |
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| − | |2nd & 4th Armored BCTs, 1st Stryker BCT, 3rd Infantry BCT (Light), and [[Combat Aviation Brigade]] (CAB). ''3rd BCT scheduled for inactivation''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20130626/NEWS05/306260012/Army-cut-10-BCTs-reorganize-rest |title=Army to cut 10 BCTs, reorganize the rest | Army Times |publisher=armytimes.com |accessdate=2013-07-10}}</ref> |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:1 Cav Shoulder Insignia.svg|20px|left]] [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Hood]], TX |
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| − | |1st, 2nd, & 3rd Armored BCTs, & CAB. |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:1st US Infantry Division.svg|20px]] [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Riley]], KS |
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| − | |1st & 2nd Armored BCTs, 4th Infantry BCT (Light), & CAB at Fort Riley; 3rd Infantry BCT (Light) at [[Fort Knox]], Kentucky. ''3rd & 4th BCT scheduled for inactivation'' |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:2 Infantry Div SSI.svg|20px|left]] [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] |
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| − | |[[Camp Red Cloud]], S. Korea |
||
| − | |1st Armored BCT at [[Camp Casey, South Korea|Camp Casey]] & CAB at [[Camp Humphreys]], South Korea; 2nd, 3rd, & 4th Stryker BCTs at [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], Washington under [[7th Infantry Division (United States)|7th Infantry Division]]. ''4th BCT assets scheduled to move to FT Carson to re-organize the 1st BCT, 4th Infantry Division'' |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:3 Infantry Div SSI.svg|20px|left]] [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Stewart]], GA |
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| − | | 1st & 2nd Armored BCTs, & 4th Infantry BCT (Light) at Fort Stewart, Georgia; 3rd Armored BCT at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, & CAB at [[Hunter Army Airfield]], Georgia. ''2nd BCT scheduled for inactivation'' |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:4 Infantry Division SSI.svg|20px|left]] [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Carson]], CO |
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| − | |1st SBCT, 2nd and 3rd Armored BCTs, & 4th Infantry BCT (Light). CAB scheduled for activation in 2013–2014. ''2nd BCT scheduled for inactivation'' |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:10th Mountain Division SSI.svg|20px|left]] [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Drum]], NY |
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| − | |1st, 2nd, 3rd Infantry BCTs (Light), & CAB at Fort Drum; 4th Infantry BCT (Light) at [[Fort Polk]], Louisiana. ''3rd BCT scheduled for inactivation'' |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:25th Infantry Division SSI.svg|20px|left]] [[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]] |
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| − | |[[Schofield Barracks]], HI |
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| − | |1st Stryker BCT at [[Fort Wainwright]], Alaska; 2nd Stryker BCT & 3rd Infantry BCT (Light) at Schofield Barracks; CAB at [[Wheeler Army Airfield]], Hawaii; & 4th Infantry BCT (Airborne) at [[Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson]], Alaska. |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |[[File:82 ABD SSI.svg|20px|left]] [[82nd Airborne Division]] |
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| − | |[[Fort Bragg]], NC |
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| − | |1st, 2nd, & 3rd Infantry BCTs (Airborne), & CAB. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg|20px|left]] [[101st Airborne Division]] |
||
| − | |[[Fort Campbell]], KY |
||
| − | |1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Infantry BCTs (Air Assault), & 2 CABs. ''4th BCT scheduled for inactivation'' |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:173Airborne Brigade Shoulder Patch.png|22px|left]] [[173rd Airborne Brigade|173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team]] |
||
| − | |[[Vicenza, Italy]] |
||
| − | | Infantry BCT (Airborne): 2 airborne infantry battalions in [[Vicenza]]. 1 cavalry squadron in [[Schweinfurt]], Germany. 1 special troops battalion, 1 airborne field artillery battalion & 1 support battalion at [[Warner Barracks in Bamberg, Germany]]. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:US 2nd Cavalry Regiment SSI.jpg|20px|left]] [[2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment|2nd Cavalry Regiment]] |
||
| − | |[[Vilseck, Germany]] |
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| − | |Stryker BCT: 6 squadrons: 1st, 2nd & 3rd (Stryker Infantry), 4th ([[Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (United States)|RSTA]]), Fires Squadron (3x6 155 mm towed artillery), & Regimental Support Squadron; 5 troops: Regimental HQ, Military Intelligence, Signal, Engineer & Anti-Armor. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:3dACRSSI.PNG|20px|left]] [[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment|3rd Cavalry Regiment]] |
||
| − | |[[Fort Hood]], TX |
||
| − | |Stryker BCT: 6 squadrons: 1st, 2nd & 3rd (Stryker Infantry), 4th (RSTA), Fires Squadron (3x6 155 mm towed artillery), & Regimental Support Squadron; 5 troops: Regimental Headquarters, Military Intelligence, Signal, Engineer & Anti-Armor. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:11th Armored Cavalry Regiment SSI.gif|20px|left]] [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]] |
||
| − | |[[Fort Irwin National Training Center|Fort Irwin]], CA |
||
| − | |Armored Cavalry Regiment One tank squadron, one mechanized infantry squadron and one support squadron augmented by an Army National Guard field artillery battalion and reconnaissance squadron. Also serves as [[Opposing Force]] (OPFOR) at [[National Training Center]] (NTC). |
||
| − | |} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Special operations forces=== |
||
| − | [[File:US Army Special Operations Command SSI.svg|25px]] [[United States Army Special Operations Command|US Army Special Operations Command (Airborne)]] (USASOC): |
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| − | |||
| − | {| class="wikitable" |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | !Name !! Headquarters !! Structure and purpose |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:US Army Special Forces SSI.png|20px|left]] [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces Command (Airborne)]]<center>''"Green Berets"''</center> |
||
| − | |[[Fort Bragg, North Carolina|Ft. Bragg, NC]] |
||
| − | |Formerly known as the 1st Special Forces, the command manages seven groups (five Regular Army, two National Guard) capable of [[unconventional warfare]], [[foreign internal defense]], [[special reconnaissance]], [[direct action]], and [[counter-terrorism]]. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:JFKSWCS SSI.gif|20px|left]] [[John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School]] |
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| − | |Ft. Bragg, NC |
||
| − | |Selection & training for Special Forces, Civil Affairs & Military Information Support Operations Soldiers. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:75 Ranger Regiment Shoulder Sleeve Insignia.svg|25px|left]] [[75th Ranger Regiment (United States)|75th Ranger Regiment]] ''"Rangers"'' |
||
| − | |[[Fort Benning, Georgia|Ft. Benning, GA]] |
||
| − | |Three maneuver battalions and one special troops battalion of elite airborne infantry specializing in direct action raids and airfield seizures. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:US Army Special Operations Aviation Command SSI.png|21px|left]] [[U.S. Army Special Operations Aviation Command|Army Special Operations Aviation Command]] |
||
| − | ||Ft. Bragg, NC |
||
| − | |Organizes, mans, trains, resources and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive, special operations aviation support to Special Operations Forces (SOF), including the [[160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (United States)|160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)]]. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:US Army Special Operations Command SSI.svg|19px|left]] [[Military Information Support Operations Command|Military Information Support Operations Command (Airborne) (Provisional)]] |
||
| − | |Ft. Bragg, NC |
||
| − | |Performs [[Psychological operations (United States)|psychological operations]] via two operational groups, the [[4th Military Information Support Group]] and [[8th Military Information Support Group]], and one independent battalion, the [[3rd Military Information Support Battalion (Airborne)]], that supports media production and dissemination. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:95CivilAffairsBdeSSI.jpg|20px|left]] [[95th Civil Affairs Brigade|95th Civil Affairs Brigade (Airborne)]] |
||
| − | |Ft. Bragg, NC |
||
| − | |Enables military commanders and [[U.S. Ambassadors]] to improve relationships with various stakeholders in a local area to meet the objectives of the U.S. government via five operational battalions. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:528sb.jpg|20px|left]] [[Special Operations Support Command|528th Sustainment Brigade, Special Operations (Airborne)]] |
||
| − | |Ft. Bragg, NC |
||
| − | |Provides combat service support and combat health support units for all USASOC elements. |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |[[File:US Army Special Operations Command SSI.svg|19px|left]] [[Delta Force|1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta]] ''"Delta Force"'' |
||
| − | |Ft. Bragg, NC |
||
| − | |Elite special operations & counter-terrorism unit under the control of [[Joint Special Operations Command]]. |
||
| − | |} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Personnel== |
||
| − | {{Main|Ranks and Insignia of NATO|United States Army officer rank insignia|United States Army enlisted rank insignia}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | These are the U.S. Army ranks authorized for use today and their equivalent NATO designations. Although no living officer currently holds the rank of [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]], it is still authorized by Congress for use in wartime. |
||
| − | |||
| − | === Commissioned officers === |
||
| − | {{Main|Commissioned Officers}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer<ref name="futuresoldiers">From the [http://www.futuresoldiers.com/ Future Soldiers] Web Site.</ref> including the [[United States Military Academy]], [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]], and [[Officer Candidate School]]. Regardless of which road an officer takes, the insignia are the same. Certain professions, including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, lawyers, and chaplains are commissioned directly into the army and are designated by insignia unique to their staff community. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Most army commissioned officers are promoted based on an "up or out" system. The [[Defense Officer Personnel Management Act]] of 1980 establishes rules for timing of promotions and limits the number of officers that can serve at any given time. |
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| − | |||
| − | Army regulations call for addressing all personnel with the rank of general as 'General (last name)' regardless of the number of stars. Likewise, both colonels and lieutenant colonels are addressed as 'Colonel (last name)' and first and second lieutenants as 'Lieutenant (last name).'<ref name=ar600>[http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r600_20.pdf Army Regulation 600-20]</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;" |
||
| − | |- style="background:#ccc;" |
||
| − | ![[U.S. uniformed services pay grades#Officer pay grades|US DoD Pay Grade]]||O-1||O-2||O-3||O-4||O-5||O-6||O-7||O-8||O-9||O-10||Special||Special |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | | Insignia |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O1 insignia.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O2 insignia.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|60px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|60px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|60px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|70px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|32px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|65px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|100px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|135px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|90px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:6 Star.svg|90px]] |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Title |
||
| − | || [[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second <br> Lieutenant]] |
||
| − | || [[First Lieutenant#United States|First <br> Lieutenant]] |
||
| − | || [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] |
||
| − | || [[Major (United States)|Major]] |
||
| − | || [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant <br> Colonel]] |
||
| − | || [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] |
||
| − | || [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier <br> General]] |
||
| − | || [[Major general (United States)|Major <br> General]] |
||
| − | || [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant <br> General]] |
||
| − | || [[General (United States)|General]] |
||
| − | || [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the <br> Army]] |
||
| − | || [[General of the Armies of the United States]] |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Abbreviation||2LT||1LT||CPT||MAJ||LTC||COL||BG||MG||LTG||GEN||GA||-|| |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||NATO Code |
||
| − | |colspan="2"|OF-1 |
||
| − | ||OF-2 |
||
| − | ||OF-3 |
||
| − | ||OF-4 |
||
| − | ||OF-5 |
||
| − | ||OF-6 |
||
| − | ||OF-7 |
||
| − | ||OF-8 |
||
| − | ||OF-9 |
||
| − | ||OF-10 |
||
| − | ||- |
||
| − | |- |
||
| − | |colspan="12"|<small>Note: General of the Army is reserved for wartime.<ref>[http://www.defense.gov/about/insignias/officers.aspx U.S. Department of Defense site, "Officer Rank Insignia]</ref></small> |
||
| − | |} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Warrant officers=== |
||
| − | {{Main|Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|l1=Warrant officers}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | Warrant officers<ref name="futuresoldiers"/> are single track, specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area. They are initially appointed as warrant officers (in the rank of WO1) by the [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], but receive their [[Officer (armed forces)#Warrant officers|commission]] upon promotion to chief warrant officer two (CW2). |
||
| − | |||
| − | By regulation, warrant officers are addressed as 'Mr. (last name)' or 'Ms. (last name).'<ref name=ar600/> However, many personnel address warrant officers as 'Chief (last name)'. Enlisted soldiers say "sir" or "ma'am" when addressing them. |
||
| − | |||
| − | {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;" |
||
| − | |- style="background:#ccc;" |
||
| − | ![[U.S. uniformed services pay grades#Warrant officer pay grades|US DoD pay grade]]||W-1||W-2||W-3||W-4||W-5 |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Insignia |
||
| − | || [[File:US-Army-WO1.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-Army-CW2.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-Army-CW3.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-Army-CW4.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:US-Army-CW5.svg|22px]] |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Title |
||
| − | || [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Warrant Officer 1]] |
||
| − | || [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 2]] |
||
| − | || [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 3]] |
||
| − | || [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 4]] |
||
| − | || [[Warrant Officer (United States)#Army|Chief Warrant Officer 5]] |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Abbreviation||WO1||CW2||CW3||CW4||CW5 |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||NATO Code |
||
| − | ||WO-1 |
||
| − | ||WO-2 |
||
| − | ||WO-3 |
||
| − | ||WO-4 |
||
| − | ||WO-5 |
||
| − | |} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Enlisted personnel=== |
||
| − | {{Main|Enlisted rank|l1=Enlisted personnel}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | Sergeants and corporals are referred to as NCOs, short for [[Staff Noncommissioned Officer|non-commissioned officers]].<ref name="futuresoldiers"/><ref name="symbolsandinsig">From the [http://www.army.mil/symbols/enlisteddescriptions.html Enlisted Soldiers Descriptions] Web Site.</ref> This distinguishes them from specialists who might have the same pay grade, but not the leadership responsibilities. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Privates (E1 and E2) and privates first class (E3) are addressed as 'Private (last name)', specialists as 'Specialist (last name), corporals as 'Corporal (last name)', and sergeants, staff sergeants, sergeants first class, and master sergeants all as 'Sergeant (last name).' First sergeants are addressed as 'First Sergeant (last name)' and all sergeants major as 'Sergeant Major (last name)'.<ref name=ar600/> |
||
| − | |||
| − | {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;" |
||
| − | |- style="background:#ccc;" |
||
| − | ![[U.S. uniformed services pay grades#Enlisted pay grades|US DoD Pay grade]]||E-1||E-2||E-3||colspan=2|E-4||E-5||E-6||E-7||colspan=2|E-8||colspan=3|E-9 |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Insignia |
||
| − | || ''No Insignia'' |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-02.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-03.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-04b.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-04a.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-05.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-06.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-07.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-08b.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-08a.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-09c.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-09b.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | || [[File:Army-USA-OR-09a.svg|35px]] |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | ||Title |
||
| − | ||[[Private (United States)|Private]] |
||
| − | ||[[Private (United States)|Private]] |
||
| − | ||[[Private First Class#United States|Private<br>First Class]] |
||
| − | ||[[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]] |
||
| − | ||[[Corporal#United States Army|Corporal]] |
||
| − | ||[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]] |
||
| − | ||[[Staff Sergeant#United States|Staff<br>Sergeant]] |
||
| − | ||[[Sergeant First Class|Sergeant<br>First Class]] |
||
| − | ||[[Master Sergeant#United States|Master<br>Sergeant]] |
||
| − | ||[[Top sergeant|First<br>Sergeant]] |
||
| − | ||[[Command Sergeant Major|Sergeant<br>Major]] |
||
| − | ||[[Command Sergeant Major|Command<br>Sergeant Major]] |
||
| − | ||[[Sergeant Major of the Army|Sergeant Major<br>of the Army]] |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | |Abbreviation||PV1 ¹||PV2 ¹||PFC||SPC ²||CPL||SGT||SSG||SFC||MSG||1SG||SGM||CSM||SMA |
||
| − | |- align=center |
||
| − | |NATO Code||OR-1||OR-2||OR-3||OR-4||OR-4||OR-5||OR-6||OR-7||OR-8||OR-8||OR-9||OR-9||OR-9 |
||
| − | |- align=left |
||
| − | | colspan="14" |¹ <small>PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished<ref>http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r600_20.pdf</ref></small><br> ² <small>SP4 is sometimes encountered in lieu of SPC for specialist. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at higher pay grades.</small> |
||
| − | |} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Training=== |
||
| − | [[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - Marksmanship training (1).jpg|thumb|Marksmanship training]] |
||
| − | Training in the United States Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. |
||
| − | [[File:Rangers from the 75th Ranger Regiment fast-rope from an MH-47 Chinook during a capabilities exercise.jpg|thumb|left|Rangers practice [[Fast-roping|fast roping]] techniques from an [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|MH-47]] during an exercise at [[Fort Bragg]]]] |
||
| − | [[Basic training]] consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by AIT (Advanced Individualized Training) where they receive training for their MOS (military occupational specialties). While the length of AIT school varies by the MOS, some individuals MOS's range anywhere from 14–20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier. Depending on the needs of the army, [[United States Army Basic Training#Basic Combat Training|Basic Combat Training]] is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the [[United States Army Infantry School|Infantry School]], both at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia. Following these basic and advanced training schools, soldiers may opt to continue with their training and apply for an "ASI" which stands for "additional skill identifier". The ASI allows the army to take a wide ranging MOS and taper it into a more unique MOS. For instance, take a combat medic whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency care. With an ASI the medic can receive additional training and become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist or even a licensed practical nurse. For officers this training includes pre-commissioning training either at [[West Point|USMA]], [[ROTC]], or [[Officer Candidate School (U.S. Army)|OCS]]. After commissioning, officers undergo branch specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course, (formerly called Officer Basic Course) which varies in time and location based on their future jobs. Further career development is available through the [[Army Correspondence Course Program]]. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Collective training takes place both at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive collective training takes place at the three combat training centers (CTC); the [[National Training Center]] (NTC) at [[Fort Irwin]], California, the [[Joint Readiness Training Center]] (JRTC) at [[Fort Polk]], Louisiana, and the [[Joint Multinational Training Center]] (JMRC) at the [http://www.hohenfels.army.mil/ Hohenfels Training Area] in [[Hohenfels, Bavaria|Hohenfels]], Germany. [[ARFORGEN]] is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to handle the need for continuous replenishment of forces for deployment, at unit level, and for other echelons as required by the mission. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Equipment== |
||
| − | {{Main|Equipment of the United States Army}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Weapons=== |
||
| − | [[File:THAAD Launcher.jpg|thumb|[[Lockheed Martin]] [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense|Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)]] system used by the army for ballistic missile protection]] |
||
| − | ;Individual weapons |
||
| − | The army employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the [[M16 rifle]], the [[M4 carbine]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m4.html M4]. U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> as well as the 7.62x51 mm variant of the [[FN SCAR]] for [[United States Army Rangers|Army Rangers]]. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm [[M9 pistol]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m9.html M9 pistol]. U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the [[M249 Squad Automatic Weapon|M249 SAW]] (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m249.html M249], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> Indirect fire is provided by the [[M203 grenade launcher]]. The [[Benelli M4 Super 90|M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun]] or the [[Mossberg 500#Model 500 vs. Model 590 vs. Model 590A1|Mossberg 590 Shotgun]] are used for [[door breaching]] and close-quarters combat. The [[Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle|M14EBR]] is used by long-range marksmen, and the [[M82 Barrett rifle|M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle]], the [[M24 Sniper Weapon System]], and the [[M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System|M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle]] are used by snipers. [[Hand grenade]]s, such as the [[M67 grenade|M67 fragmentation grenade]] and [[Smoke grenade|M18 smoke grenade]], are also used. |
||
| − | [[File:M40 gasmask.jpg|thumb|left|A U.S. soldier holding an [[M16 Rifle|M16A1]] rifle and wearing an [[M40 Field Protective Mask]]]] |
||
| − | ;Crew served weapons |
||
| − | The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. |
||
| − | |||
| − | The [[M240 machine gun|M240]] is the US Army's standard Medium Machine Gun.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/m240b.html M240], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> The [[M2 Browning machine gun|M2 heavy machine gun]] is generally used as a vehicle-mounted machine gun. In the same way, the 40 mm [[Mk 19 grenade launcher|MK 19 grenade machine gun]] is mainly used by motorized units.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/individual/mk193.html MK 19], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | The US Army uses three types of [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the 60 mm [[M224 mortar|M224]], normally assigned at the infantry company level.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m224.html M224], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm [[M252 mortar]]s.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m252.html M252], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> The largest mortar in the army's inventory is the 120 mm [[M120 mortar|M120/M121]], usually employed by mechanized units.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m120.html M120], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm [[M119 howitzer|M119A1]]<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/m119.html M119], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> and the 155 mm [[M777 howitzer|M777]] (which will replace the [[M198 howitzer|M198]]).<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm M777 Lightweight 155 mm howitzer (LW155)]</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | The US Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The [[AT4]] is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The [[FIM-92 Stinger]] is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The [[FGM-148 Javelin]] and [[BGM-71 TOW]] are anti-tank guided missiles. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Vehicles=== |
||
| − | [[File:Hmmwv outline.gif|thumb|250px|[[Humvee]]]] |
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| − | |||
| − | The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the [[Humvee]], which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/hmmwv.html HMMWV], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of [[HEMTT]] vehicles. The [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams]] is the army's [[main battle tank]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/abrams.html Abrams], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> while the [[M2 Bradley|M2A3 Bradley]] is the standard [[infantry fighting vehicle]].<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/bradley.html Bradley], United States Army Fact Files</ref> Other vehicles include the [[Stryker]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/wheeled/stryker.html Stryker], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> and the [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113]] [[armored personnel carrier]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/m113.html M113], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> and multiple types of [[MRAP|Mine Resistant Ambush Protected]] (MRAP) vehicles. |
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| − | |||
| − | The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms. The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles the Army will keep, 5,036 will be put in storage, 1,073 will be used for training, and the remaining will be spread across the active force. The [[Oshkosh M-ATV]] will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. The other most retained vehicle will be the [[Navistar MaxxPro#MaxxPro Dash|Navistar MaxxPro Dash]] with 2,633 vehicles, plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances. Thousands of other MRAPs like the [[Cougar (vehicle)|Cougar]], [[BAE Caiman]], and larger MaxxPros will be disposed of.<ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140105/NEWS04/301050007/Majority-MRAPs-scrapped-stored Majority of MRAPs to be scrapped or stored] - Militarytimes.com, 5 January 2014</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | The U.S. Army's principal [[artillery]] weapons are the [[M109 Paladin|M109A6 Paladin]] self-propelled howitzer<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/paladin.html Paladin], Army.mil</ref> and the [[M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System]] (MLRS),<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/indirect/mlrs.html MLRS], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units. |
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| − | |||
| − | While the U.S. Army operates a few fixed-wing aircraft, it mainly operates several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include the [[AH-64 Apache]] [[attack helicopter]],<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/apache.html Apache], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> the [[OH-58 Kiowa|OH-58D Kiowa Warrior]] armed reconnaissance/light attack helicopter,<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/kiowa.html Kiowa], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> the [[UH-60 Black Hawk]] utility tactical transport helicopter,<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/blackhawk.html Blackhawk], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> and the [[CH-47 Chinook]] heavy-lift transport helicopter.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/chinook.html Chinook], U.S. Army Fact Files</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | Fixed wing aircraft used by the US Army are for non-front line combat and light transport roles. The army relies on the [[United States Air Force]] for airlift capabilities. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Uniforms=== |
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| − | {{Main|Uniforms of the United States Army}} |
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| − | |||
| − | The [[Army Combat Uniform]], or ACU, currently features a digital Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) and is designed for use in woodland, desert, and urban environments. However, Soldiers operating in Afghanistan are being issued a fire-resistant ACU with the "[[MultiCam]]" pattern, officially known as Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern or "OCP".<ref>{{cite web |first= C. |last= Lopez |url= http://www.army.mil/-news/2010/02/20/34738-soldiers-to-get-new-cammo-pattern-for-wear-in-afghanistan/?ref=news-home-title0 |title= Soldiers to get new cammo pattern for wear in Afghanistan|work=US Army |publisher=US Army |date= 20 February 2010 |accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref> |
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| − | [[File:Wayne Downing funeral honor guard.jpg|thumb|left|The Ranger Honor Platoon marching in dress uniform.]] |
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| − | |||
| − | The standard garrison service uniform is known as Army Greens or Class-As and has been worn by all officers and enlisted personnel since its introduction in 1956 when it replaced earlier [[olive drab]] (OD) and khaki (and tan worsted or TW) uniforms worn between the 1950s and 1985. The Army Blue uniform, dating back to the mid-19th century, is currently the Army's formal dress uniform, but in 2013, it replaced the Army Green, and in 2014 it will replace the Army White uniform (a uniform similar to the Army Green uniform, but worn in tropical postings) and will become the new [[Army Service Uniform]], which will function as both a garrison uniform (when worn with a white shirt and necktie) and a dress uniform (when worn with a white shirt and either a necktie for parades or a bow tie for after six or black tie events). |
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| − | |||
| − | ====Berets==== |
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| − | The Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers may still wear colored berets who are currently in an airborne unit (maroon beret), Rangers (tan beret), and Special Forces (green beret) and may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Tents=== |
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| − | {{Main|Tent}} |
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| − | [[File:DRASH Maintenance Facility in Iraq.jpg|thumb|A [[deployable rapid assembly shelter|DRASH]] maintenance facility in Iraq.]] |
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| − | |||
| − | The army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment. The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary [[barracks]] (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities), forward operating bases (FOBs), after action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) facilities, and security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of [[U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center|Natick Soldier Systems Center]]. |
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| − | |||
| − | The U.S. military is beginning to use a more modern tent called the [[deployable rapid assembly shelter]] or DRASH. In 2008, [[deployable rapid assembly shelter|DRASH]] became part of the Army's Standard Integrated Command Post System.<ref name="SICPS">[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2008/06/18/NG-DHS-Technologies-to-support-SICPSTMSS/UPI-57811213812923/ NG, DHS Technologies to support SICPS/TMSS] United Press International</ref> |
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| − | |||
| − | ===3D printing=== |
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| − | In November 2012 the United States Army developed a tactical [[3D printing]] capability to allow it to rapidly manufacture critical components on the battlefield. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20269645 (BBC)] |
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| − | |||
| − | ==Branch establishment== |
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| − | The U.S. Army was officially founded on 14 June 1775, when the Continental Congress authorized enlistment of riflemen to serve the United Colonies for one year. Each branch of the army has a different [[Branch insignia of the United States Army|branch insignia]]. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Maneuver, Fires, and Effects Branches=== |
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| − | Maneuver |
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| − | * [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry]], 14 June 1775 |
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| − | |||
| − | Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775. However, the oldest Regular Army [[infantry]] regiment, the [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd Infantry Regiment]], was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the First American Regiment. |
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| − | * [[Armor Branch (United States)|Armor]], 12 June 1776 |
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| − | The Armor Branch traces its origin to the [[Cavalry (United States)|Cavalry]]. A regiment of cavalry was authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776. Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the first in continuous service was the [[1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)|United States Regiment of Dragoons]], organized in 1833. The [[United States Tank Corps|Tank Service]] was formed on 5 March 1918. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940. Armor became a permanent branch of the army in 1950. |
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| − | * [[United States Army Aviation Branch|Aviation]], 12 April 1983 |
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| − | |||
| − | Following the establishment of the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] as a separate service in 1947, the army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and the war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of [[armed helicopter]]s as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in army doctrine and operations, aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Maneuver Support=== |
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| − | * [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]], 16 June 1775 |
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| − | |||
| − | Continental Congress authority for a "[[Chief of Engineers|Chief Engineer for the Army]]" dates from 16 June 1775. A corps of engineers for the United States was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1789. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy." A [[Corps of Topographical Engineers]], authorized on 4 July 1838, was merged with the Corps of Engineers on March 1863. |
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| − | * [[Chemical Corps]], 28 June 1918 |
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| − | |||
| − | The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was re-designated the Chemical Corps. |
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| − | * [[Military Police Corps (United States Army)|Military Police Corps]], 26 September 1941 |
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| − | |||
| − | A [[Provost Marshal General]]'s Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941. Prior to that time, except during the Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a "Provost Marshal" can be found as early as January 1776, and a "Provost Corps" as early as 1778. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Fires=== |
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| − | * [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)|Field Artillery]], 17 November 1775 |
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| − | |||
| − | The Continental Congress unanimously elected [[Henry Knox]] "Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery" on 17 November 1775. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776. |
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| − | * [[Air Defense Artillery Branch (United States Army)|Air Defense Artillery]], 20 June 1968 |
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| − | |||
| − | The Air Defense Artillery branch descended from the Anti-Aircraft Artillery (part of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps) into a separate branch on 20 June 1968. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Special Operations Forces=== |
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| − | * [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]], 9 April 1987 |
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| − | |||
| − | The first special forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the 10th Special Forces Group was activated at [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]], North Carolina. A major expansion of special forces occurred during the 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the army effective 9 April 1987, by General Order No. 35, 19 June 1987. Special forces are part of [[United States special operations forces|U.S. special operations forces]] |
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| − | * [[Civil Affairs Team|Civil Affairs Corps]], 16 October 2006 |
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| − | |||
| − | The Civil Affairs/Military Government Branch in the Army Reserve Branch was established as a special branch on 17 August 1955. Subsequently redesignated the Civil Affairs Branch on 2 October 1955, it has continued its mission to provide guidance to commanders in a broad spectrum of activities ranging from host-guest relationships to the assumption of executive, legislative, and judicial processes in occupied or liberated areas. Became a basic branch effective 16 October 2006 per General Order 29, on 12 January 2007. |
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| − | * [[Psychological Operations (United States)#Army|Psychological Operations]], 16 October 2006 |
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| − | |||
| − | Established as a basic branch effective 16 October 2006 per General Order 30, 12 January 2007. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Functional Areas=== |
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| − | FA30-Information Operations |
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| − | |||
| − | FA46-Public Affairs |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Operations Support Branches=== |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Signal=== |
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| − | * [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|Signal Corps]], 21 June 1860 |
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| − | The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: "Signal Department – Assistant Surgeon [[Albert J. Myer]] to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, 27 June 1860, to fill an original vacancy." |
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| − | |||
| − | FA24-Telecomm Systems Engineer |
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| − | |||
| − | FA53-Info Systems Management |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Military Intelligence=== |
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| − | * [[Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)|Military Intelligence Corps]], 1 July 1962 |
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| − | |||
| − | Intelligence has been an essential element of army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two-year obligated tour officers, one-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet the army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|Intelligence and Security Branch]] was established effective 1 July 1962, by General Order No. 38, on 3 July 1962. On 1 July 1967, the branch was re-designated as [[Military intelligence|Military Intelligence]]. |
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| − | |||
| − | FA34-Strategic Intel |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Foreign Area Officer=== |
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| − | FA48-Foreign Area Officer |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Functional Areas=== |
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| − | FA29-Electronic Warfare |
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| − | |||
| − | FA40-Space Ops |
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| − | |||
| − | FA47-Academy Professor |
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| − | |||
| − | FA49-Ops Research & Systems Analysis |
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| − | |||
| − | FA50-Force Management |
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| − | |||
| − | FA52-Nuclear and Counter Proliferation |
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| − | |||
| − | FA57-Simulation Ops |
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| − | |||
| − | FA59-Strategist |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Force Sustainment Branches=== |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Logistics=== |
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| − | * [[Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)|Quartermaster Corps]], 16 June 1775 |
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| − | |||
| − | The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence. |
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| − | * [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army)|Ordnance Corps]], 14 May 1812 |
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| − | |||
| − | The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the [[Board of War and Ordnance]]. Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950. Ordnance soldiers and officers provide maintenance and ammunition support. |
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| − | * [[Transportation Corps]], 31 July 1942 |
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| − | |||
| − | The history of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942. The Transportation Corps is headquartered at [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]], [[Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/45328/Transportation_School_at_Fort_Lee_prepares_for_first_students/ |title=Transportation School at Fort Lee prepares for first students | Article | The United States Army |publisher=Army.mil |date=2010-09-17 |accessdate=2013-07-10}}</ref> |
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| − | * [[United States Army Logistics Branch|Logistics]], 1 January 2008 |
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| − | |||
| − | Established by General Order 6, 27 November 2007. Consists of multi-functional logistics officers in the rank of captain and above, drawn from the Ordnance, Quartermaster and Transportation Corps. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===FSD Warrants=== |
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| − | Warrant Officers |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Soldier Support=== |
||
| − | * [[United States Army Adjutant General's Corps|Adjutant General's Corps]], 16 June 1775 |
||
| − | |||
| − | The post of [[List of Adjutants General of the U.S. Army|Adjutant General]] was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1812, and was re-designated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950. |
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| − | * [[Finance Corps]], 16 June 1775 |
||
| − | |||
| − | The Finance Corps is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920. It became the Finance Corps in 1950. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Professional Service Branches |
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| − | * [[Chaplain Corps (United States Army)|Chaplain Corps]], 29 July 1775 |
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| − | The legal origin of the [[Chaplain Corps (United States Army)|Chaplain Corps]] is found in a resolution of the Continental Congress, adopted 29 July 1775, which made provision for the pay of chaplains. The Office of the Chief of Chaplains was created by the National Defense Act of 1920. |
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| − | * [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army|Judge Advocate General's Corps]], 29 July 1775 |
||
| − | The Office of Judge Advocate of the army may be deemed to have been created on 29 July 1775, and has generally paralleled the origin and development of the American system of military justice. The [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army|Judge Advocate General]] Department, by that name, was established in 1884. Its present designation as a corps was enacted in 1948. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Acquisition=== |
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| − | Acquisition |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Health Services Division Branches=== |
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| − | * [[Army Medical Department (United States)|Army Medical Department]], 27 July 1775 |
||
| − | The Army Medical Department and the [[Medical Corps (United States Army)|Medical Corps]] trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the army hospital headed by a "Director General and Chief Physician." Congress provided a medical organization of the army only in time of war or emergency until 1818, which marked the inception of a permanent and continuous Medical Department. The Army Organization Act of 1950 renamed the Medical Department as the Army Medical Service. In June 1968, the Army Medical Service was re-designated the Army Medical Department. The Medical Department has the following branches: |
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| − | :*[[Medical Corps (United States Army)|Medical Corps]], 27 July 1775 |
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| − | :*[[Army Nurse Corps (United States)|Army Nurse Corps]], 2 February 1901 |
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| − | :*[[Army Medical Department (United States)#Dental Corps (DC)|Dental Corps]], 3 March 1911 |
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| − | :*[[Veterinary Corps (United States Army)|Veterinary Corps]], 3 June 1916 |
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| − | :*[[Army Medical Department (United States)#Medical Service Corps (MS)|Medical Service Corps]], 30 June 1917 |
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| − | :*[[Army Medical Department (United States)#Medical Specialist Corps (AMSC)|Army Medical Specialist Corps]], 16 April 1947 |
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| − | |||
| − | ==See also== |
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| − | {{Portal|United States Army|Military of the United States}} |
||
| − | * [[America's Army]] ([[Video game]]s for [[recruitment]]) |
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| − | * [[Army National Guard]] |
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| − | * [[Comparative military ranks]] |
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| − | * [[List of active United States military aircraft#Army|List of active United States military aircraft]] |
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| − | * [[List of former United States Army medical units]] |
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| − | * [[Officer Candidate School (United States Army)]] |
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| − | * [[ROTC]] / [[JROTC]] |
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| − | * [[Timeline of United States military operations]] |
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| − | * [[Transformation of the United States Army]] |
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| − | * [[United States Military Academy]] |
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| − | * [[United States Army Basic Training]] |
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| − | * [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |
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| − | * [[U.S. Soldier's Creed]] |
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| − | * [[United States Volunteers]] |
||
| − | * [[Vehicle markings of the United States military]] |
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| − | * [[Warrant Officer Candidate School (United States Army)]] |
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| − | |||
| − | ==References== |
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}} |
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| − | |||
| − | ==Further reading== |
||
| − | * {{cite book|last= Bluhm, Jr, |first=Raymond K. (Editor-in-Chief) |title=U.S. Army: A Complete History|year=2004|publisher=The Army Historical Foundation|location=Arlington, VA|isbn=978-0-88363-640-4|page=744|edition=Beaux Arts|coauthors=Andrade, Dale; Jacobs, Bruce; Langellier, John; Newell, Clayton R.; Seelinger, Matthew}} |
||
| − | * Kretchik, Walter E. ''U.S. Army Doctrine: From the American Revolution to the War on Terror'' (University Press of Kansas; 2011) 392 pages; studies military doctrine in four distinct eras: 1779–1904, 1905–1944, 1944–1962, and 1962 to the present. |
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| − | |||
| − | ==External links== |
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| − | {{Sister project links|United States Army}} |
||
| − | * [http://www.army.mil/ Army.mil] – United States Army official website |
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| − | * [http://www.goarmy.com/ GoArmy.com] – official recruiting site |
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| − | * [http://collections.mohistory.org/search/custom_search?text=Army U.S. Army Collection] – Missouri History Museum |
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| − | * [http://www.history.army.mil/reference/Finding%20Aids/research.htm Finding Aids for researching the US Army] (compiled by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]) |
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| − | * [http://www.us-militaria.com/en US-militaria.com] – The US Army during the second world war |
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| − | * {{ACMH|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/branches.html|article=Army Birthdays}} |
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| − | |||
| − | {{US Army navbox}} |
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| − | {{United States armed forces}} |
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| − | {{DOD agencies navbox}} |
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| − | {{United States topics}} |
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| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}} <!--Date format as in US military date format --> |
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| + | {{Stub}} |
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[[Category:United States Army| ]] |
[[Category:United States Army| ]] |
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[[Category:Uniformed services of the United States]] |
[[Category:Uniformed services of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1775]] |
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1775]] |
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[[Category:1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]] |
[[Category:1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]] |
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| − | |||
| − | {{Link FA|de}} |
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