Walt Disney

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{{Two other uses|Walt Disney, the person|the company he founded|The Walt Disney Company}}

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| Image = Walt_Disney_1946.jpg

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{{Infobox person

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| ~~name~~ = ~~Walt Disney~~

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| ~~image~~ = ~~Walt~~ ~~Disney~~ ~~1946.JPG~~

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| caption = Disney in 1946

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| birth_name = Walter Elias Disney

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| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1901|12|5}}<ref name="Walt Disney Family Museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|title=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>

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| birth_place = [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]], [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.

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| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1966|12|15|1901|12|5}}

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| death_place = [[Burbank, California]], U.S.

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| death_cause = [[Lung cancer]]

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| resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], [[Glendale, California]], U.S.

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| nationality = American

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| education = McKinley High School, Chicago Academy of Fine Arts

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| home_town = [[Chicago]], Illinois

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| residence = Burbank, California

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| occupation = Co-founder of [[The Walt Disney Company]], formerly known as Walt Disney Productions

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| yearsactive = 1920–1966

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| spouse = [[Lillian Disney|Lillian Bounds]] (1925–66)

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| parents = [[Elias Disney]] [[Flora Call Disney]]

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| relations = [[Ronald William Miller]] (son-in-law) [[Disney family|Robert Borgfeldt Brown]] (son-in-law) [[Roy E. Disney|Roy Edward Disney]] (nephew)

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| children = [[Diane Marie Disney]] [[Sharon Mae Disney]]

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| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]

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| religion = [[Christianity]]

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| boards = [[The Walt Disney Company]]

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| awards = 7 [[Emmy Award]]s 22 Academy Awards [[Cecil B. DeMille Award]]

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| signature = Walt Disney 1942 signature.svg

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}}

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'''Walter Elias''' "'''Walt'''" '''Disney''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|z|n|i}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Disney, Walt in English|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Disney-Walt?q=disney|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=11 February 2014|quote=/ˈdɪzni /}}</ref> December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American [[business magnate]], [[animator]], [[cartoonist]], [[film producer|producer]], [[Film director|director]], [[screenwriter]], [[philanthropist]], and [[voice actor]]. Being a major figure within the [[Modern animation in the United States|American animation industry]] and throughout the world, he is regarded as a [[cultural icon]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space|url=http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html| agency=Associated Press |author= Dave Bryan |date= August 13, 2002|accessdate=September 27, 2010|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20090524060442/http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html |archivedate=May 24, 2009}}</ref> known for his influence and contributions to the field of [[Show business|entertainment]] during the 20th century. As a Hollywood business mogul, he, along with his brother [[Roy O. Disney]], co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the major motion picture production companies in the world. The corporation is now known as [[The Walt Disney Company]] and had an annual revenue of approximately US$45 billion in the 2013 financial year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000100103913000164/fy2013_q4x10k.htm|title=2013 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref>

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As an animator and entrepreneur, Disney was particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and [[theme park]] design. He and his staff created some of the world's most iconic fictional characters, including [[Mickey Mouse]], whose original voice was provided by Disney himself. During his lifetime, he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record of four in one year,<ref name="academyaward">{{cite web|title=Walt Disney Academy awards | url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp | publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=May 21, 2008 }}</ref> giving him [[List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney|more awards and nominations]] than any other individual in history. Disney also won seven [[Emmy Award]]s and gave his name to the [[Disneyland]] and [[Walt Disney World Resort]] theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts like [[Tokyo Disney Resort]], [[Disneyland Paris]], and [[Hong Kong Disneyland]].

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| Creations = [[Mickey Mouse]]

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He died on December 15, 1966, from lung cancer in [[Burbank, California]]. A year later, construction of the [[Walt Disney World|Walt Disney World Resort]] began in Florida. His brother, [[Roy O. Disney|Roy Disney]], inaugurated the [[Magic Kingdom]] on October 1, 1971.

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==1901–1937: Beginnings==

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===Childhood===

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[[File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG|thumb|Walt's parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney]]

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Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 North Tripp Avenue in Chicago's [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]] [[community areas in Chicago|community area]] to [[Irish-Canadian]] father [[Elias Disney]] and [[Flora Call Disney]], who was of [[German-American|German]] and English descent.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article| title=Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse| date=September 27, 2009| accessdate=October 21, 2010| work=Chicago Sun-Times| author=Lori Rackl| archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20091003001653/http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article |archivedate=October 3, 2009}}</ref>

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His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from [[Gowran]], [[County Kilkenny]], Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'[[Isigny-sur-Mer|Isigny]], a Frenchman who had travelled to England with [[William the Conqueror]] in 1066.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disneyland Paris|publisher=[[Michelin]]|date=August 7, 2002|isbn=2-06-048002-7|page=38}}</ref> With the d'Isigny name [[anglicisation|anglicized]] as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as [[Norton Disney]], south of the city of [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]], in the county of [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name=Ancestors>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Jon|title=Uncle Walt's lost ancestors|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uncle-walts-lost-ancestors-1266622.html|accessdate=23 May 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=12 April 1997}}</ref>

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In 1878 Disney's father Elias had moved from [[Huron County, Ontario]], Canada to the United States, at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near [[Ellis, Kansas]],<ref>Schlosser. Fast Food Nation. pg. 36</ref><ref name="Barrier"/> until 1884. Elias married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in [[Acron, Florida]], just 40 miles north of where [[Walt Disney World]] would ultimately be developed.<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780307265968&view=excerpt Walt Disney by Neal Gabler - eBook - Random House] at www.randomhouse.com</ref> The family moved to [[Chicago, Illinois]] in 1890,<ref name="gabler7">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=7}}</ref> hometown of Elias' brother Robert,<ref name="gabler7" /> who helped Elias financially for most of Walt's early life.<ref name="gabler7" /> In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in [[Marceline, Missouri]],<ref name="gabler4">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|pp=9–10}}</ref> where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.<ref name="gabler4" /> In Marceline Disney developed his love for drawing<ref name="gabler15">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=15}}</ref> with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.<ref name="gabler15" /> Elias was a subscriber to the ''[[Appeal to Reason (newspaper)|Appeal to Reason]]'' newspaper and Walt copied the front-page cartoons of Ryan Walker.<ref name="Barrier">Barrier (2007), p. 13</ref> His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train,<ref name="disneybio">{{cite web|title=Walt Disney biography|url=http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html|publisher=Just Disney|accessdate=May 21, 2008|archivedate=June 5, 2008|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html}}</ref> then try to spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.

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[[File:Walt Disney in 1912.jpg|left|upright|thumb|10-year old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.]]

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Walt attended the new Park School of Marceline in fall, 1909. He and his younger sister Ruth started school together. Before that he had no formal schooling.<ref name="Barrier2">Barrier (2007), p. 16</ref> The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/|title=Walt Disney Hometown Museum|publisher=Walt Disney Museum}}</ref> before moving to [[Kansas City Metropolitan Area|Kansas City]] in 1911,<ref name="gabler19">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=18}}</ref> where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School at 3004 Benton Boulevard, close to his new home. Disney had completed the second grade at Marceline but had to repeat the grade at Kansas City.<ref name="Barrier3">Barrier (2007), p. 17</ref> At school he met Walter Pfeiffer, who came from a family of theatre aficionados and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long, Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home,<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|1991|pp=33–41}}</ref> as well as attending Saturday courses at the [[Kansas City Art Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 |title=Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009 |publisher=Kchistory.org |accessdate=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

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On July 1, 1911, Elias purchased a newspaper delivery route for ''[[The Kansas City Star]]''. It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street, and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue. Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers. The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper ''[[Kansas City Times]]'' to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday ''Star'' to more than 600. The number of customers they had increased with time.<ref name="Barrier4">Barrier (2007), p. 18–19</ref> Walt woke up at 4:30 AM and worked delivering newspapers until the school bell rang. He resumed working the paper trail at 16:00 PM and continued to supper time. He found the work exhausting and often dozed in his desk. His grades suffered as a result. He continued working this schedule for more than six years.<ref name="Barrier4"/>

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===Teenage years===

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In 1917 Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city.<ref name="gabler30">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=30}}</ref> In the fall Disney began his freshman year at [[List of schools in Chicago Public Schools#Former High Schools|McKinley High School]] and took night courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutelage of artist and educator [[Louis Grell]] (1887–1960).<ref>{{cite news|last=Disney|first=Walt|title=Walt Disney students transcripts|accessdate=18 September 2012|newspaper=Illinois Board of Higher Education released to Richard Grell by Diane Disney Miller via email on 18 September 2012|date=October - December 1917 and January - March 1918}}</ref> He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics on World War I. With a hope to join the [[United States Army|army]], Disney dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen, but was rejected for being underage.<ref name="gabler36">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=36}}</ref>

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After his rejection by the army, Disney and a friend decided to join the [[Red Cross]].<ref name="gabler37">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=37}}</ref> He was soon sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.<ref name="gabler380">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=38}}</ref>

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[[File:Walt01.jpg|thumb|Disney as an [[List of ambulance drivers during World War I|ambulance driver]] immediately after World War I]]

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Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,<ref name="gabler42">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=42}}</ref> Walt moved back to Kansas City in 1919 to begin his artistic career.<ref name="gabler44">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=44}}</ref> He considered a career as an actor but decided he wanted to draw political caricatures or comic strips for a newspaper. When nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio,<ref name="gabler44" /> where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.<ref name="gabler45">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=45}}</ref> At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist [[Ub Iwerks|Ubbe Iwerks]]<ref name="gabler46">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=46}}</ref> and, when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.<ref name="gabler48">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=48}}</ref>

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In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone.<ref name="gabler51">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=51}}</ref> While working for the company, where he made commercials based on [[cutout animation]], Disney became interested in animation and decided to become an animator.<ref name="gabler62">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=52}}</ref> The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book ''Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development'', Disney considered [[cel]] animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. He eventually decided to open his own animation business and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Ad Company, [[Fred Harman]], as his first employee.<ref name="gabler56">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=56}}</ref> Disney and Harman then start creating cartoons called ''Laugh-O-Grams''. They screened their cartoons at a local theater owned by Frank Newman, who was one of the most popular "showman" in Kansas City.<ref name="gabler57">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=57}}</ref>

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===Laugh-O-Gram Studio===

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Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",<ref name="gabler57" /> Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area.<ref name="gabler58">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=58}}</ref> Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called [[Laugh-O-Gram Studio|Laugh-O-Gram]],<ref name="gabler64">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=64}}</ref> for which he hired a number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother [[Hugh Harman]], [[Rudolf Ising]], and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.<ref name="gabler6471">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|pp=64–71}}</ref> It was opened on May 18, 1922.<ref name=Laugh-O-gram>{{cite web|title=Walt Creates Laugh-O-gram Films|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-creates-laugh-o-gram-films|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,<ref name="gabler68">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=68}}</ref> Disney's studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt,<ref name="gabler68" /><ref name = "gabler72"/> whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.<ref name="gabler76">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=75}}</ref>

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===Film and business career in Hollywood===

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Two months after their arrival in October, 1923,<ref name="alice comedies" /> Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood.<ref name="gabler78">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=78}}</ref> [[Virginia Davis]], the live-action star of ''Alice's Wonderland'', and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney Brothers' Studio]], located on Hyperion Avenue in the [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake district]], where it remained until 1939. In 1925 Disney hired a young woman named [[Lillian Disney|Lillian Bounds]] to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year, on July 25, 1925.<ref name=marry>{{cite web|title=Walt Marries Lillian Bounds|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-marries-lillian-bounds|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>

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====Alice Comedies====

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Disney and Roy needed to find a distributor for Walt's new [[Alice Comedies]], which he had started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute.<ref name="gabler72">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=72}}</ref> Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor [[Margaret Winkler]], who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon ''Alice's Wonderland''.<ref name="gabler80">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=80}}</ref>

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The new series, ''[[Alice Comedies]]'', proved reasonably successful.<ref name="alice comedies">{{cite web|title=Alice Gets Rolling|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/alice-gets-rolling|work=Walt Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> It featured both [[Dawn O'Day]] and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named [[Julius the Cat|Julius]], who resembled [[Felix the Cat]], rather than the live-action Alice.

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====Oswald the Lucky Rabbit====

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By 1927 [[Charles Mintz]] had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new, all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through [[Universal Pictures]]. The new series, ''[[Oswald the Lucky Rabbit]]'', was an almost instant success. Its main character, Oswald—drawn and created by Iwerks—became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, [[Carman Maxwell]], and [[Friz Freleng]] from Kansas City.

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Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short. He was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff, whereupon he found himself on his own again.<ref name="gabler109">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=109}}</ref>

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It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the [[Walt Disney Company]] reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from [[NBC Universal]] through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator [[Al Michaels]].<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2324417 Stay 'tooned: Disney gets 'Oswald' for Al Michaels], ESPN. Retrieved January 4, 2010</ref>

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====Mickey Mouse====

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After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.<ref name="DisneyMuseum">{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html |title=The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse|publisher=[[Disney]]|author=Solomon, Charles |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080710052034/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html |archivedate = July 10, 2008}}</ref> Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate, although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."<ref name="DisneyMuseum"/> Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the ''Alice Comedies'', which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first [[Flip the Frog]] cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks, with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later renamed "Mickey" by Lillian Disney, who thought that the name Mortimer did not sound appealing.<ref name=Conversation1>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Kathy|title=Walt Disney: Conversations|year=2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=1-57806-713-8|page=120|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Famous Train Ride|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/famous-train-ride|website=Walt Disney Family Mussum|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref> Mortimer eventually became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie—taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Floyd|first1=Gottfredson|last2=David|first2=Gerstein|last3=Gary|first3=Groth|title=Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse Color Sundays: Robin Hood Rides Again|year=2013|publisher=Fantagraphics Books|isbn=978-1-60699-686-7|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=JJgyngEACAAJ&dq=isbn:9781606996867&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6fWKU4qhMoPh8AW4zIDYBQ&redir_esc=y}}</ref>

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The first animated short to feature Mickey, ''[[Plane Crazy]]'', was a [[silent film]] like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, ''[[The Gallopin' Gaucho]]'', Disney created a Mickey cartoon with [[talking picture|sound]] called ''[[Steamboat Willie]]''. A businessman named [[Pat Powers (businessman)|Pat Powers]] provided Disney with both distribution and [[Cinephone]], a sound-[[synchronization]] process. ''Steamboat Willie'' became an instant success.<ref name="gabler128">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=128}}</ref> ''Plane Crazy'', ''The Galloping Gaucho'', and all subsequent Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of ''Steamboat Willie'', Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.<ref name="gabler129">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=129}}</ref> Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character.<ref name="DisneyMuseum"/> Mickey's popularity grew rapidly in the early 1930s.<ref name="DisneyMuseum"/>

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====''Silly Symphonies''====

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Following in the footsteps of ''Mickey Mouse series'', a series of musical shorts titled, ''[[Silly Symphonies]]'', were released in 1929. The first, ''[[The Skeleton Dance]]'', was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers.<ref name="gabler142">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=142}}</ref> In 1930 Disney signed a new distribution deal with [[Columbia Pictures]]. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty, with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by [[Carl Stalling]].<ref name=DisneyMuseum2>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/sillysymphonies/index.html|title=THE BIRTH OF THE SILLY SYMPHONIES |publisher=[[Disney]]|author=Merritt, Russell}}</ref>

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Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling left Disney to join Iwerks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gabler|pages=143–144}}</ref> Iwerks launched his ''[[Flip the Frog]]'' series with the first voiced color cartoon ''Fiddlesticks'', filmed in two-strip [[Technicolor]]. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, ''[[Willie Whopper]]'' and the ''[[Comicolor]]''. In 1936 Iwerks shut down his [[Ub Iwerks Studio|studio]] in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He returned to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.

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By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, ''Silly Symphonies'' was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as [[Max Fleischer]]'s flapper cartoon character, [[Betty Boop]], gained popularity among theater audiences.<ref>{{cite journal|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.4/AWNMag2.4.pdf|author= Langer, Mark|title=Popeye From Strip To Screen|publisher=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 1997|volume=2|issue=4|pages=17–19|format=PDF|ref=harv}}</ref> Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.ritannica.com/eb/article-9106382/Fleischer-brothers|title=Fleischer brothers|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> was also the father of [[Richard Fleischer]], whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]''. Meanwhile, on April 13, 1931, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.<ref name=newdeal>{{cite web|title=Walt and Roy Sign a New Deal|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-and-roy-sign-new-deal|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> In late 1932, [[Herbert Kalmus]], who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor4.htm|title=System 4|publisher=Widescreen Museum}}</ref> approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white ''[[Flowers and Trees]]'' in three-strip [[Technicolor]].<ref name="Tech">{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor5.htm|title=System 4|publisher=Widescreen Museum}}</ref> ''Flowers and Trees'' would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first [[Academy Award for Animated Short Film|Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons]] in 1932. After the release of ''Flowers and Trees'', all subsequent ''Silly Symphony'' cartoons were in color. Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.mbam.qc.ca/disney/index_en.html|title=Walt Disney at the Museum?|publisher=[[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.fpsmagazine.com/review/070312onceupon.php|title=Once Upon a Time: Walt Disney: The Sources of Inspiration for the Disney Studios|publisher=[[fps magazine]]}}</ref> a period eventually extended to five years.<ref name="DisneyMuseum2" /> Through ''Silly Symphonies'', Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|The Three Little Pigs]]'' (1933).<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/cteq/3_little_pigs/|title=Huffing and Puffing about Three Little Pigs|publisher=Senses of Cinema|author=Danks, Adrian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080422180415/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/03/29/3_little_pigs.html |archivedate = April 22, 2008}}</ref> The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/pigs/pigs.html|title=Three Little Pigs|publisher=[[Disney]]}}</ref>

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[[File:Walt disney star.JPG|right|thumb|One of two stars dedicated to Walt Disney on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].]]

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===First Academy Award and subsequent spin-offs===

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On November 18, 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse".<ref name="first Academy Award">{{cite web|title=Flowers and Trees Wins an Academy Award®|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/flowers-and-trees-wins-academy-award%C2%AE|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> The series, which switched to color in 1935, soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as [[Donald Duck]], [[Goofy]], and [[Pluto (dog)|Pluto]]. Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, ''[[Orphan's Benefit]]'', was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9096160/Donald-Duck|title=Donald Duck|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

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===Children===

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The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, [[Diane Marie Disney]], on December 18, 1933.<ref name="wordpress1">{{cite web|url=http://wdwcentral.wordpress.com/2008/12/01/the-windows-on-main-street-sharon-lund/ |title=The Windows on Main Street: Sharon Lund « WDW Central |publisher=Wdwcentral.wordpress.com |date=December 1, 2008 |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> Later, the Disneys adopted [[Sharon Mae Disney]] (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).<ref name=Sharon />

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Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as [[Diane Disney Miller]]. The Millers established a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silveradovineyards.com/winery/history |title=Silverado Vineyards |publisher=Silverado Vineyards |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> Diane and Ron Miller had seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.<ref name=timeline2>{{cite web|title=Diane Gets Married|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/diane-gets-married|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of [[The Walt Disney Family Museum]], with the aid of her children. Diane died November 19, 2013, of complications from a fall at home.<ref name="latimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/obituaries/la-me-diane-disney-miller-20131120,0,778420.story#axzz2l9TcMiri |title=Diane Disney Miller dies at 79; philanthropist championed Disney Hall |work=Los Angeles Times |date= November 19, 2013|accessdate=November 19, 2013 }}</ref>

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Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys due to [[Lillian Disney|Lillian's]] several birth complications.<ref name=Sharon>{{cite web|title=Sharon Mae Disney Is Born|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/sharon-mae-disney-born|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child. They remained married until his death in 1967.<ref name=Sharon2>{{cite web|title=Sharon Mae Disney|url=http://charactersofdisney.wordpress.com/sharon-mae-disney/|work=WordPress|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.<ref>Barrier, 2008, p.324</ref> Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/local/me-60_1_walt-disney |title=Sharon Disney Lund | Sharon Lund; Daughter of Walt Disney|work= Los Angeles Times |date=October 17, 1993 |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.<ref name="Sharon2" /> After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts),<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance: CalArts|url=http://dance.calarts.edu/|accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref> where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.<ref name="wordpress1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://calarts.edu/news/2007-mar-21/calarts-honors-major-donors-its-125-million-campaign |title=CalArts Honors Major Donors To Its $125 Million Campaign|publisher=Calarts.edu |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref>

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==1937–1941: Golden age of animation==

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==="Disney's Folly": ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''===

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[[File:Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg|left|thumb|Walt Disney introduces

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each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White]]'' theatrical trailer.]]

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Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, ''[[Popeye the Sailor]]'', produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907|title=Popeye's Popularity – Article from 1935 |publisher=Golden Age Cartoons}}</ref> Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.<ref name="DisneyMuseum" /> When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an ''animated'' feature-length version of ''[[Snow White]]'', they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly".<ref name="disneysfolly">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Bob |year=1991 |title=Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast |publisher= Hyperion |location=New York. |page=66 |isbn=1-56282-899-1 }}</ref> Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing [[Chouinard Art Institute]] professor [[Donald W. Graham|Don Graham]] to start a training operation for the studio staff.<ref name="disneysfolly" /> Disney then used the ''Silly Symphonies'' as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the [[multiplane camera]] – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 ''Silly Symphonies'' short ''[[The Old Mill]]''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/long_bio.html |title=Walt Disney, Biography|publisher=Just Disney |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20070710012642/http://www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/long_bio.html |archivedate = July 10, 2007}}</ref>

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All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete ''Snow White'', Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' a standing ovation. ''Snow White'', the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with [[RKO Radio Pictures]]. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue08/reviews/vanbeuren/|title=Cartoons that Time Forgot|publisher=Images Journal}}</ref> The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release, the equivalent of ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|8000000|1938|r=-1}}}} today.{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=229}}

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===Subsequent successes===

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Following the success of ''Snow White'', for which Disney received one full-size and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], which opened for business on December 24, 1939. ''Snow White'' was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutdisney.html|title=Walt Disney Studio Biography |publisher=Animation USA|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20100531022524/http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutdisney.html |archivedate=May 31, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/goldenage/index.html|title=The Golden Age of Animation |publisher=[[Disney]]}}</ref> Feature animation staff, having just completed ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'', continued work on ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' and ''[[Bambi]]'' as well as the early production stages of ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'', and ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad|Wind in the Willows]]''. The shorts staff carried on working on the ''Mickey Mouse'', ''Donald Duck'', ''Goofy'', and ''Pluto'' cartoon series. Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.<ref name="solomon1">{{cite web| url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080611022804/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html| archivedate=2008-06-11| title=The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse| author=Solomon, Charles| publisher=Disney.com guest services}}</ref>

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''Pinocchio'' and ''Fantasia'' followed ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments.{{sfn|Thomas|1994|p=161}}{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=318, 602}} The inexpensive ''[[Dumbo]]'' was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff [[Disney animators' strike|went on strike]], permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.<ref name="Gabler, Neal- 2006">Gabler, Neal-(2006) ''Walt Disney, The Triumph of American Imagination'', Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York City</ref>

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==1941–1945: World War II era==

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Shortly after the release of ''Dumbo'' in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The [[U.S. Army]] and [[United States Navy|Navy]] [[Bureau of Aeronautics]] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military like ''Aircraft Carrier Landing Signals'', home-front morale-boosting shorts such as ''[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]'',<ref name=warwarwar>{{cite web|title=WAR!|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/war|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> which won an Academy Award,<ref>{{cite web|title=Der Fuehrer's Face Wins an Academy Award®|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/der-fuehrers-face-wins-academy-award%C2%AE|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> and the 1943 feature film ''[[Victory Through Air Power (film)|Victory Through Air Power]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victory Through Air Power Opens in Theaters|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/victory-through-air-power-opens-theaters|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Military films did not generate income, and the feature film ''[[Bambi]]'' underperformed on its release in April 1942.<ref name="Fiscal Crisis">{{cite web|title=The Disney Brothers Face a Fiscal Crisis|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/disney-brothers-face-fiscal-crisis|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Disney successfully re-issued ''Snow White'' in 1944, establishing a [[Disney Vault|seven-year re-release tradition]] for his features.<ref name="Fiscal Crisis" /> In 1945, ''[[The Three Caballeros]]'' was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Three Caballeros Has Its World Premiere|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/three-caballeros-has-its-world-premiere|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref>

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In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its [[Good Neighbor policy]], at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, ''[[Saludos Amigos]]''.<ref>[http://www.waltandelgrupo.com/ Walt & El Grupo] (documentary film, 2008).</ref> In addition, Disney was asked by the US [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] to make an educational film about the [[Amazon Basin]], which resulted in the 1944 animated short, ''The Amazon Awakens''.<ref>Gabler, 2006, p.444</ref><ref>Bender, Pennee.{{Wayback |date=20070527223035 |url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p114070_index.html |title="Hollywood Meets South American and Stages a Show"}} Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association. May 24, 2009 Archived May 27, 2007.</ref><ref>Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F., [http://books.google.com/books?id=YA6-HTSJv5MC&printsec=frontcover ''Latin America during World War II''], Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-3741-5. Cf. p.47.</ref>

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Disney took up the work of making insignia for the soldiers as well. They were used to not only bring humor to military units but also be a way to boost morale. The first insignia was created as early as 1933 for a Naval Reserve Squadron stationed at Floyd Bennett Field in New York. Disney created his own insignia design unit with Hank Porter, at the helm, Roy Williams, Bill Justice, Van Kaufman, Ed Parks, and George Goepper. Together, these men created over 1200 unique insignia throughout the duration of World War II. All of the designs were created free-of-charge. "The insignia meant a lot to the men who were fighting ... I had to do it ... I owed it to them." said Disney.<ref name=warwarwar />

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==1945–1955: Post-war period==

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[[File:Walt Disney and Dr. Wernher von Braun - GPN-2000-000060.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Walt Disney meets [[Wernher von Braun]] in 1954.]]

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By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' and ''[[Peter Pan (1953 movie)|Peter Pan]]'', both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', which became Disney's most successful film since ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled ''True-Life Adventures'', with ''On Seal Island'' the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star [[Bugs Bunny]]. By 1942, [[Leon Schlesinger Productions]], which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutwb.html|title=Warner Bros. Studio Biography |publisher=Animation USA |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20090524120920/http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutwb.html |archivedate=May 24, 2009}}</ref> However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.sandcastlevi.com/movies/disneyh5.htm|title=Disney's Animated Classics|publisher=Sandcastle VI}}</ref> a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.<ref name="donaldduck1">{{cite web| url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080615165949/disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html| archivedate=2008-06-15| title=Mickey in the Post-War Era| author=Solomon, Charles| publisher=Disney.com guest services}}</ref>

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Meanwhile, Disney studios created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included ''[[Make Mine Music]]'' (1946), ''[[Melody Time]]'' (1948), ''[[Fun and Fancy Free]]'' (1947) and ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad]]'' (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' by [[Kenneth Grahame]], and the second on ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]'' by [[Washington Irving]]. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including ''[[Song of the South]]'' and ''[[So Dear to My Heart]]''. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity faded again.<ref name="donaldduck1" />

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During the mid-1950s, Disney produced educational films on the space program in collaboration with [[NASA]] rocket designer [[Wernher von Braun]]: ''Man in Space'' and ''Man and the Moon'' in 1955, and ''Mars and Beyond'' in 1957.<ref name=Mars_and_Beyond>{{cite web|title=Disneyland - 4.12 - Mars and Beyond|url=http://wn.com/mars_and_beyond|work=World News|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref> ''Man in Space'' was nominated for Best Documentary Short Subject - 1956 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.<ref name=Man_in_Space>{{cite web|title=Man in Space|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/149371/Man-in-Space/details|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref>

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===Disney and the Second Red Scare===

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Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group [[Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals]].<ref name="ceplair">{{cite book|title=The inquisition in Hollywood: politics in the film community, 1930–1960|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04886-7|pages=210–214|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&lpg=PA209&dq=Motion%20Picture%20Alliance%20for%20the%20Preservation%20of%20American%20Ideals&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q=1944%20Motion%20Picture%20Alliance%20&f=false|author=Larry Ceplair|coauthors=Steven Englund|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> In 1947, during the [[Second Red Scare]],<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html|title=Testimony of Walter E. Disney before HUAC|publisher=CNN|date=October 24, 1947 |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080514003423/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html |archivedate = May 14, 2008}}</ref> Disney testified before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC), where he branded [[Herbert Sorrell]], [[David Hilberman]] and [[William Pomerance]], former animators and [[trade union|labor union]] organizers as Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.<ref>Cogley, John (1956) Report on Blacklisting, Volume I, Movies Fund for the Republic, New York, p. 34 OCLC 3794664; reprinted in 1972 by Arno Press, New York ISBN 0-405-03915-8</ref><ref>"Communist brochure" Screen Actors Guild Retrieved October 20, 2008</ref> Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.<ref name=CNN/>

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On January 12, 1955, Disney was approved from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] as an official SAC (special agent in charge). The title was used in-house by the Bureau for a trusted person they could contact for information or further assistance. Memos indicate that he remained a source of information to his death.<ref name="Cohen">Cohen (2004), p. 35–36</ref>

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==1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond==

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===Carolwood Pacific Railroad===

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[[File:LillybelleDland.jpg|thumb|The Lilly Belle on display at Disneyland Main Station in 1993. The caboose's woodwork was done entirely by Walt himself.]]

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During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the [[Holmby Hills]] district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends [[Ward Kimball|Ward and Betty Kimball]], who already had their own [[backyard railroad]], Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature [[live steam]] railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, [[Carolwood Pacific Railroad]], came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive.<ref name=Train>{{cite web|title=A Childhood Dream Come True|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/childhood-dream-come-true|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The railroad's half-mile long layout included a {{convert|46|ft|m|adj=mid}} long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a {{convert|90|ft|m|sing=on}} tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed.<ref name=train2>{{cite book|last=Broggie|first=Michael|title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom Donning Company|publisher=Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, Virginia|isbn=1-56342-009-0|pages=115–116, 118|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BupsDEZOLYUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Walt+described+a+revolutionary+idea+he+called+Mickey+Mouse+Park&source=bl&ots=di6DKUDbkJ&sig=ZNJWxwO1kE90ljjEjN915Lj2V1g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Glz7UsCND-H-ygPP1YH4Bw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Walt%20described%20a%20revolutionary%20idea%20he%20called%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Park&f=false}}</ref> He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer [[Roger E. Broggie]] ''Lilly Belle'' in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.<ref name=train3>{{cite book|last=Broggie|first=Michael|title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom|publisher=Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, Virginia|isbn=1-56342-009-0|pages=117–118|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BupsDEZOLYUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Walt+described+a+revolutionary+idea+he+called+Mickey+Mouse+Park&source=bl&ots=di6DKUDbkJ&sig=ZNJWxwO1kE90ljjEjN915Lj2V1g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Glz7UsCND-H-ygPP1YH4Bw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Walt%20described%20a%20revolutionary%20idea%20he%20called%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Park&f=false}}</ref>

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===Planning Disneyland===

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[[File:6308-AnaheimDisneyLand-NW to SE View.jpg|thumb|left|[[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]]: aerial view, August 1963, looking SE. New Melodyland Theater at top. [[Santa Ana Freeway]] (US 101 at the time, now [[Interstate 5|I-5]]) upper left corner.]]

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On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an [[amusement park]] where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children.<ref name=HenryFord>{{cite web|title=Walt Disney Visits Henry Ford's Greenfield Village|url=http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/pic/2005/september.asp|work=The Henry Ford|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to [[Children's Fairyland]] in [[Oakland, California]].<ref name = "nyt">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/us/06bclocalintel.html|title=Children's Fairyland|date=February 5, 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park [[Republic of the Children]] located in [[Manuel B. Gonnet]], [[La Plata]], Argentina, and opened in 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionvalorar.org.ar/republica2008/Historia.asp |title=República de los Niños – Historia del Proyecto |publisher=Fundacionvalorar.org.ar |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]].<ref name=HenryFord /><ref name = "nyt" /> Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, [[Walt Disney Imagineering|WED Enterprises]], to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineer]]s.<ref name=WED>{{cite web|title=The Beginning of WED|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/beginning-wed|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref>

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As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to [[Herbert Ryman|Herb Ryman]], who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the [[Bank of America]] during fund raising for the project, he said, ""Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train.""<ref>{{cite book|author1=The Imagineers (Group)|title=Walt Disney Imagineering: A Behind the Dreams Look at Making the Magic Real|date=8 Oct 1998|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-0-7868-8372-1|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=b5vpAAAAMAAJ&q=Herbie,+I+just+want+it+to+look+like+nothing+else+in+the+world.+And+it+should+be+surrounded+by+a+train.&dq=Herbie,+I+just+want+it+to+look+like+nothing+else+in+the+world.+And+it+should+be+surrounded+by+a+train.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3CCLU4a8IYfk8AXS5YKYDg&redir_esc=y|chapter=3,4}}</ref> Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his [[Carolwood Pacific Railroad]] inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.<ref name=Train101>{{cite book|last=Broggie|first=Michael|title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom|publisher=Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, Virginia|isbn=1-56342-009-0|pages=185–191|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BupsDEZOLYUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Walt+described+a+revolutionary+idea+he+called+Mickey+Mouse+Park&source=bl&ots=di6DKUDbkJ&sig=ZNJWxwO1kE90ljjEjN915Lj2V1g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Glz7UsCND-H-ygPP1YH4Bw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Walt%20described%20a%20revolutionary%20idea%20he%20called%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Park&f=false}}</ref>

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====Disneyland grand opening====

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[[File:Waltopening.jpg|thumb|right|Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955]]

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On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Bob Cummings]] and [[Art Linkletter]], who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:

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{{cquote|To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past ... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world.<ref name=OpeningDayVideo>{{cite web|title=Opening Day at Disneyland (Video)|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/custom-ytplayer-lightbox/7Yd-DJxWGxk|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}

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Disney patrolled around the place, introducing one land after another. At Fantasyland, he said, "Fantasyland is dedicated to the young and the young in heart, to those who believe when you wish upon a star, your dreams come true."<ref name=OpeningDay />

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===Expansion into new areas===

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Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, as well as expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, ''[[Treasure Island (1950 film)|Treasure Island]]'' became the studio's first all-live-action feature,<ref>{{cite web|title=Treasure Island Opens in U.S. Theaters|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/treasure-island-opens-us-theaters|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> soon followed by ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]'' (in [[CinemaScope]], 1954), ''[[Old Yeller (1957 film)|Old Yeller]]'' (1957), ''[[The Shaggy Dog (1959 film)|The Shaggy Dog]]'' (1959), ''[[Pollyanna (1960 film)|Pollyanna]]'' (1960), ''[[Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)|Swiss Family Robinson]]'' (1960), ''[[The Absent-Minded Professor]]'' (1961), and ''[[The Parent Trap (1961 film)|The Parent Trap]]'' (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, ''[[One Hour in Wonderland]]'', in 1950.<ref name=OneHour>{{cite web|title=One Hour in Wonderland|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/one-hour-wonderland|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> Disney began hosting a [[Walt Disney anthology series|weekly anthology series]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] entitled ''[[Disneyland TV show|Disneyland]]'', after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disneyland Premieres on ABC|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/disneyland-premieres-abc|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The show also featured a [[Davy Crockett]] miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.<ref name="FP242_244">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Randy|title=A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory|publisher=The Free Press|isbn=0-684-83544-4|pages=242–244|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=iDFd_1yaAdgC&pg=PA244&dq=randy+roberts+%22davy+crockett%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7SoMUYj3Oq7piwL01YG4DQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=randy%20roberts%20%22davy%20crockett%22&f=false}}</ref> In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, ''[[Mickey Mouse Club]]'' debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show catered specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955–59 production run.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mickey Mouse Club|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/mickey-mouse-club|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> [[The Mickey Mouse Club]] continued in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.<ref name="Cotter">{{cite book|last=Cotter|first=Jim|title=The Wonderful World of Disney Television|publisher=[[Hyperion Books]]|year=1997|location=New York|pages=181–196 (1950s), 197–198 (1970s), 295 (MMC)|isbn=0-7868-6359-5 }}</ref>

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As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the [[Nine Old Men]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Canemaker | first = John | year = 2001 |title = Walt Disney's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation | location = New York, New York | publisher = Disney Editions | isbn = 0-7868-6496-6 }}</ref> Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.<ref>John Lasseter-Commentary-Sleeping Beauty-2008 DVD</ref> During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' (the first animated film in [[CinemaScope]]) in 1955, ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (the first animated film in [[Super Technirama]] [[70mm]]) in 1959, ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' (the first animated feature film to use [[cel|Xerox cels]]) in 1961, and ''[[The Sword in the Stone (film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' in 1963.

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Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division though special shorts projects continued for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, [[Buena Vista Distribution]], which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from [[RKO]] by 1955.<ref name=bbg>{{cite news |last=Fixmer |first=Fixmer |title=Disney to Drop Buena Vista Brand Name, People Say (Update1) |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a0MG17nO.PG8 |accessdate=28 November 2012 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|bloomberg.com]] |date=April 25, 2007}}</ref> Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.<ref name=OpeningDay>{{cite web|title=Opening Day at Disneyland|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/opening-day-disneyland|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref>

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After 1955, the ''Disneyland'' TV show was renamed ''Walt Disney Presents''. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to ''Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color'', at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|title=Timeline of Walt Disney|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/timeline|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> and eventually evolving into its current form as ''[[Walt Disney anthology series|The Wonderful World of Disney]]''.Since then, it has aired on ABC,CBS, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by [[Roger Mobley]] with a plot based on the writings of [[Richard Harding Davis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wagner|first1=Laura|title=Anne Francis: The Life and Career|date=Jun 30, 2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8600-7|pages=187–188|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=mEKBLT-Z9sgC&dq=The+Wonderful+World+of+Disney+Gallegher&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>

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Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956. Partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song [[The Ballad of Davy Crockett]], he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called [[Disneyland Records]].<ref name=Records1>{{cite book|last=Ehrbar|first=Greg|title=Mouse Tracks: The Story of Walt Disney Records|date=May 3, 2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-849-4|pages=5–12, 20|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=jGdpWCTdb-IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Walt+Disney+Records&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5-KJU4veHZTj8AWk9ILACw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Walt%20Disney%20Records&f=false}}</ref>

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===Early 1960s successes===

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[[File:Shermans042.jpg|thumb|left|(Left to right) [[Robert B. Sherman]], [[Richard M. Sherman]] and Walt Disney sing "[[There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow]]" (1964)]]

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By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the [[1960 Winter Olympics]].<ref name=sroverview>{{cite web|title=1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/|accessdate=August 2, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110716122213/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/| archivedate= July 16, 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

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After decades of pursuit, Disney acquired the rights to [[P. L. Travers]]' books about a magical nanny. ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'', released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a song score written by Disney favorites, the [[Sherman Brothers]].<ref name=marypoppinsopen>{{cite web|title=Mary Poppins Opens in Theaters|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/mary-poppins-opens-theaters|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sherman Bro">{{cite web|title=The Sherman Brothers|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/sherman-brothers|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The New York World's Fair Opens|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/new-york-worlds-fair-opens|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref> including [[sound reproduction|Audio]]-[[Animatronic]] figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].<ref name=Morison>{{cite web|last=Morison|first=Elting E.|title=What Went Wrong with Disney's Worlds Fair|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/what-went-wrong-disney%E2%80%99s-worlds-fair|work=American Heritage|publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company|accessdate=May 1, 2012|date=December 1983}}</ref>

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Although the studio might have proved major competition for [[Hanna-Barbera]], Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning television cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would be too great.

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===Plans for Disney World and EPCOT===

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In late 1965, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando.<ref name=Announce>{{cite web|title=A Press Conference Announcing Epcot Is Held|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/press-conference-announcing-epcot-held|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as [[Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (concept)|EPCOT]] for short.<ref name=EPCOT122>{{cite web|title=First Thoughts of Epcot|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/first-thoughts-epcot|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=EPCOT123>{{cite web|title=Epoct!|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/epcot|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref>

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===Mineral King Ski Resort===

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During the early to mid-1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in [[Mineral King]], a glacial valley in California's [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer [[Willy Schaeffler]], who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid-1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists stopped the building of the resort.<ref name="ski">{{cite book|title=Challenge of the Big Trees|last=Dilsaver|first=L.M.|coauthors=Tweed, W.C.|chapter=New Directions and a Second Century (1972–1990)|year=1990|publisher=Sequoia Natural History Association|chapterurl=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dilsaver-tweed/chap9c.htm}}</ref>

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==Illness and death==

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Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.<ref>Gabler, Neal 2006 ''Walt Disney: The Triumph of Imagination'', Alfed A. Knofph Inc, New York City</ref>

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In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury caused by many years of playing [[polo]] at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.<ref name="Wadisea">{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-sick|title=The Day Walt Died |publisher=[[Disney]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww070711ws|title=Horsing Around With Walt and Polo|publisher=Mouse Planet}}</ref> On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at [[Providence St. Joseph Medical Center]], across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.<ref name="Wadisea" /> Five days later a biopsy showed the [[lung cancer|tumor to be malignant]] and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.<ref name="Wadisea" /> After removing the lung on November 11, the surgeons informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.<ref name=Walt-Is-Sick>{{cite web|url=http://www.waltdisney.com/content/walt-sick|title=Walt Is Sick|work=waltdisney.com|accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref> After several [[cobalt therapy]] sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short time in [[Palm Springs, California]].<ref name=Walt-Is-Sick /> On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's. Disney's spokesman said he was there for a "postoperative checkup."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W-YcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CpcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7159,3565166&dq=walt+disney&hl=en |title=People in the News |publisher=''[[Park City Daily News]]'' |date=December 7, 1966 |accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref> Ten days after his 65th birthday, on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., Disney died of acute [[circulatory collapse]], caused by lung cancer.<ref name="Wadisea" /> The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor [[Kurt Russell]], the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.<ref name="KR_Last_Word">{{cite web|accessdate=April 24, 2007|url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/04/24/kurt_russell_confirms_that_walt_disney_s|title=Kurt Russell Confirms Disney's Last Words|publisher=Star Pulse}}</ref>

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Roy O. Disney continued with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to [[Walt Disney World Resort|Walt Disney World]] in honor of his brother.

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The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' and the live-action musical feature ''[[The Happiest Millionaire]]'', both released in 1967, as well as the animated short ''[[Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day]]'', released in 1968. Songwriter [[Robert B. Sherman]] recalled of the last time he saw Disney:

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{{cquote|He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of ''The Happiest Millionaire''. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.<ref>{{cite book | first = K&R | last = Greene | title = Inside The Dream: The Personal Story Of Walt Disney | year = 2001 | page = 180 | isbn = 0-7868-5350-6| publisher = Disney Editions}}</ref>}}

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===Hibernation urban legend===

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A long-standing [[urban legend]] maintains that Disney was [[Cryonics|cryonically frozen]], and that his frozen corpse was stored beneath the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] ride at Disneyland,<ref name = Snopes>{{cite web|title= Suspended Animation | publisher = [[Snopes.com]] |url= http://www.snopes.com/disney/waltdisn/frozen.asp|accessdate=May 21, 2008 | date = August 24, 2007 | last = Mikkelson | first = B & DP}}</ref> but Disney's remains were cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Glendale, California]]. The [[James Bedford|first known human cryonic freezing]] was in January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.<ref name = Snopes/>

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According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine ''Ici Paris'' in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/wd-ice.htm "Suspended Animation"] Urban Legends Reference Pages 1995–2001 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson</ref>

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His daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

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==Legacy: 1967–present==

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===Continuing Disney Productions===

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[[File:Disneyland plaque.jpg|right|thumb|Plaque at the entrance that embodies the intended spirit of Disneyland by Walt Disney: to leave reality and enter fantasy]]

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After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of [[Cinderella Castle]] at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.

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After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "[[When You Wish upon a Star]]", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by [[Mickey Mouse]]. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.<ref>{{cite web|author= Griffiths, Bill|title=Grand opening of Walt Disney world|url=http://www.startedbyamouse.com/archives/GrandOpeningWDW01.shtml|accessdate=May 21, 2008}}</ref> Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.

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[[File:Disney1968.jpg|left|thumb|upright|1968 US postage stamp]]

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During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into [[EPCOT Center]], which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living [[world's fair]], different from the functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated [[Celebration, Florida]], a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. The company later changed this policy and [[Disney characters]] can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.

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===Disney entertainment empire===

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Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets [[The Walt Disney Company]] owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title= Walt Disney corporate website|url= http://corporate.disney.go.com/investors/index.html|accessdate=May 21, 2008|publisher=[[Walt Disney Company]]}}</ref>

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===Disney Animation===

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Walt Disney was a pioneer in [[character animation]]. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just ''"impossible outlandish gags"'' and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential today. He was considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his death until the late 1980s in a period known as the [[Disney Renaissance]].<ref name="USAToday">{{cite news |first=Claudia|last=Puig|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2010-03-26-beauty26_ST_N.htm|title='Waking Sleeping Beauty' documentary takes animated look at Disney renaissance| work = [[USA Today]]|date=March 26, 2010|accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988), ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989), ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (1991), ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992) and ''[[The Lion King]]'' (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed [[Pixar]]'s [[Toy Story]], the first [[computer animation|computer animated]] feature film. Walt Disney's nephew [[Roy E. Disney]] claimed that Walt would have loved ''Toy Story'' and that it was "his kind of movie".<ref>Roy E. Disney-The Legacy of Toy Story-Toy Story-2005, DVD</ref> With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful [[Traditional animation|Traditional hand-drawn animated]] features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] were closed, and the main studio in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]] was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, ''[[Home on the Range (2004 film)|Home on the Range]]''. However, since the 2006 acquisition of [[Pixar]], and the resulting rise of [[John Lasseter]] to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]''. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.<ref>{{citation|url=http://animatedviews.com/2013/from-snow-queen-to-pinocchio-ii-robert-reeces-animated-adventures-in-screenwriting/ |title=From Snow Queen to Pinocchio II: Robert Reece's animated adventures in screenwriting|author=Josh Armstrong |publisher=Animatedviews.com |date=April 22, 2013 }}</ref>

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===CalArts===

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In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding [[The California Institute of the Arts]] (CalArts). It is formed in 1961 through a merger of the [[Los Angeles Conservatory of Music]] and the [[Chouinard Art Institute]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://calarts.edu/about/history | title=CalArts: History}}</ref> When Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title= Walt Disney's will|url= http://www.doyourownwill.com/disney.asp|accessdate=January 3, 2008|publisher=Do Your Own Will}}</ref> He also donated {{convert|38|acre|km2|3|abbr=on}} of the Golden Oaks ranch in [[Valencia, California|Valencia]] for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in November, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=California Institute of the Arts Feminist Art Materials Collection|url=http://calarts.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012/01/17/Guide%20to%20the%20California%20Institute%20of%20the%20Arts%20%20Feminist%20Art%20Materials%20Collection%201971-2007%20%5Bbulk%201972-1977%5D%20.pdf|website=CalArts Official Website|accessdate=1 June 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131111131818/http://calarts.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012/01/17/Guide%20to%20the%20California%20Institute%20of%20the%20Arts%20%20Feminist%20Art%20Materials%20Collection%201971-2007%20%5Bbulk%201972-1977%5D%20.pdf|archivedate=11 November 2013}}</ref>

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In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."<ref>{{cite book|title=Sunshine Muse: Art on the West Coast, 1945–1970|author=Plagens, Peter|page=159|year=2000|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-22392-6}}</ref>

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===Walt Disney Family Museum===

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In 2009, [[The Walt Disney Family Museum]] opened in the [[Presidio of San Francisco]]. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.<ref>{{cite news | title = Exploring the Man Behind the Animation | first = Edward | last = Rothstein | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/design/01disney.html?pagewanted=1 | newspaper = The New York Times | date = September 30, 2009 }}</ref> Diane cofounded [[The Walt Disney Family Museum]] with the aid of her children.<ref name="wordpress1"/> The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.<ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/07/walt-disneys-secret-disneyland-apartment-diane-disney-miller_n_1259421.html |title=Diane Disney Miller Remembers Dad: Walt's Secret Disneyland Apartment, His Passions & More (PHOTOS) |work=Huffington Post |date= February 7, 2012|accessdate=April 8, 2012 |first=Jordan |last=Zakarin}}</ref> The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.<ref name="huffingtonpost1"/>

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==Accusations of antisemitism and racism==

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Disney was long rumored to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] during his lifetime, and such rumors persisted after his death. In 1938 he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist [[Leni Riefenstahl]] to Hollywood to promote her film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]''.<ref name=Dargis>{{cite news|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|title=And Now a Word From the Director|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/movies/conflicting-voices-in-lars-von-triers-words-and-works.html?scp=1&sq=And%20Now%20a%20Word%20from&st=Search|accessdate=September 26, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 2011}}</ref> Even after news of [[Kristallnacht]] broke, Disney did not cancel his invitation to Riefenstahl. He told her he admired her work but if it became known that he was considering hiring her, it would damage his reputation." <ref>http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1623/was-walt-disney-a-fascist</ref><ref>James, Clive (March 25, 2007). [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/books/review/James.t.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1 "Reich Star"]. ''The New York Times''. pp. XX.</ref><ref>Olympia in America, 1938: Leni Riefenstahl, Hollywood, and the Kristallnacht" by Cooper C. Graham (LOC), Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol. 13, No. 4,1993</ref> Animator [[Art Babbitt]] claimed to have seen Disney and his lawyer, Gunther Lessing, attending meetings of the [[German American Bund]], a pro-Nazi organization, in the late 1930s.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 448">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=448}}</ref>

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Animator and director [[David Swift (director)|David Swift]], who was Jewish, told a biographer that when he informed Disney that he was leaving to take a job at [[Columbia Pictures]] in 1941, Disney responded — in a feigned [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] accent — "Okay, Davy boy, off you go to work for those Jews. It's where you belong, with those Jews."<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 456">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=456}}</ref> Swift returned to Disney Studios in 1945, however, and later said that he "owed everything" to Disney. When he left the studio a second time in the early 1950s, Disney reportedly told him, "... there is still a candle burning in the window if you ever want to come back."<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 457">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=457}}</ref>

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In 2006 Disney biographer [[Neal Gabler]], the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded that available evidence did not support accusations of antisemitism. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings: {{Cquote|That's one of the questions everybody asks me ... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the [[Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals]], which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/01/earlyshow/leisure/books/main2141735.shtml | work=CBS News | title=Walt Disney: More Than 'Toons, Theme Parks | date=November 1, 2006}}</ref>}}

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Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=611}}</ref> Gabler wrote that three months after Riefenstahl's visit, Disney disavowed it, claiming that he did not know who she was when he issued the invitation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=449}}</ref> Gabler also questioned Babbitt's story, on grounds that Disney had no time for political meetings and was "very apolitical" during the 1930s.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 448"/>

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The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, including Babbitt and [[David Hilberman]]; and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|Three Little Pigs]]'' (in which the Big Bad Wolf comes to the door dressed as a Jewish peddler) and ''[[The Opry House]]'' (in which Mickey Mouse is dressed and dances as a [[Hasidic Jew]]); but both Gabler and the museum have pointed out that he befriended many Jewish schoolmates, donated to several Jewish charities (The [[Hebrew Orphan Asylum]]{{disambiguation needed|date=May 2014}}, [[Yeshiva College (Yeshiva University)|Yeshiva College]], Jewish Home for the Aged, and [[A Flag is Born|The American League for a Free Palestine]]), and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the [[B'nai B'rith]] chapter in Beverly Hills.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 456"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html |title=Walt Disney Family Museum |publisher=Disney.go.com }}</ref> According to Gabler, none of Disney's employees — including Babbitt, who disliked Disney intensely — ever accused him of making antisemitic slurs or taunts.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 457"/> One Jewish employee, [[Joe Grant]], pointed out that "some of the most influential people at the studio were Jewish," whilst Disney's merchandising agent Kay Kamen (also a Jew) once claimed that the Disney's New York office had "more Jews than the [[The Book of Leviticus]]."<ref>Gabler, Neal (2006) ''Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination'', Alfred A. Knoff Inc., Page 455</ref>

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Disney has also been accused of [[racism]], largely because of a number of productions released during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s containing racially insensitive material. Examples include ''[[Mickey's Mellerdrammer]]'', in which Mickey Mouse dresses in [[blackface]]; the "black" bird in the short ''Who Killed Cock Robin''; Sunflower, the half donkey/half black centaurette with a watermelon in ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]''; the feature film ''[[Song of the South]]''; the Indians in ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]''; and the crows in ''[[Dumbo]]'' (although the case has been made that the crows were sympathetic to Dumbo because they knew what it was like to be ostracized).<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 433">Gabler 2006, p. 433</ref>

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In spite of this, "Walt Disney was no racist," Gabler wrote. "He never, either publicly or privately, made disparaging remarks about blacks or asserted white superiority. Like most white Americans of his generation, however, he was racially insensitive." For example, during a story meeting on ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' he referred to the dwarfs piling on top of each other as a "nigger pile", and while casting ''Song of the South'' he used the term [[pickaninny]].<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 433"/> ''Song of the South'' was roundly criticized by film critics, the [[NAACP]], and others for its perpetuation of black [[Stereotypes of African Americans|stereotypes]]; but Disney later campaigned successfully for an [[Honorary Academy Award]] for its African-American star, [[James Baskett]]. Baskett died shortly afterward, and his widow wrote Disney a heartfelt letter of gratitude for his support.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|pp=438–9}}</ref> Black animator [[Floyd Norman]], who worked for Disney during the 1950s and '60s, said, "Not once did I observe a hint of the racist behavior that Walt Disney was often accused of after his death. His treatment of people—and by this I mean all people—can only be called exemplary."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mouseplanet.com/10606/Debunking_Meryl_Streep_Part_Two |author= Korkis, Jim|date= February 26, 2014 |title= 'Debunking Meryl Streep, Part Two' |publisher= MousePlanet |accessdate= April 23, 2014}}</ref>

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==Academy Awards==

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[[File:Disney Display Case.JPG|thumb|This display case in the lobby of the [[Walt Disney Family Museum]] in San Francisco shows many of the Academy Awards he won, including the distinctive special award at the bottom for [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]].]]

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Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.

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*'''1932''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[Flowers and Trees]]'' (1932)

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*'''1932''': Honorary Award for creation of [[Mickey Mouse]].

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*'''1934''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|Three Little Pigs]]'' (1933)

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*'''1935''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[The Tortoise and the Hare]]'' (1934)

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*'''1936''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Three Orphan Kittens'' (1935)

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*'''1937''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''The Country Cousin'' (1936)

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*'''1938''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[The Old Mill]]'' (1937)

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*'''1939''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Ferdinand the Bull'' (1938)

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*'''1939''': Honorary Award for ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937) The citation read, ''"For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field."'' (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)<ref name="academyaward"/>

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*'''1940''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Ugly Duckling'' (1939)

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*'''1941''': Honorary Award for ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' (1940), shared with: [[William Garity|William E. Garity]] and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, ''"For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of ''Fantasia.''"''<ref name="academyaward"/>

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*'''1942''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Lend a Paw'' (1941)

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*'''1943''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Der Fuehrer's Face'' (1942)

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*'''1949''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Seal Island'' (1948)

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*'''1949''': [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]] (Honorary Award)

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*'''1951''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Beaver Valley'' (1950)

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*'''1952''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Nature's Half Acre'' (1951)

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*'''1953''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Water Birds'' (1952)

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*'''1954''': Best Documentary, Features: ''The Living Desert'' (1953)

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*'''1954''': Best Documentary, Short Subjects: ''The Alaskan Eskimo'' (1953)

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*'''1954''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom'' (1953)

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*'''1954''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Bear Country'' (1953)

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*'''1955''': Best Documentary, Features: ''The Vanishing Prairie'' (1954)

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*'''1956''': Best Documentary, Short Subjects: ''Men Against the Arctic'' (1955)

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*'''1959''': Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: ''Grand Canyon'' (1958)

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*'''1969''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day'' (1968) (posthumous)

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==Other honors==

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Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the [[Anaheim walk of stars]] awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the [[Disneyland Resort]]. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], one for motion pictures and the other for his television work. Disney was posthumously inducted into the [[Television Hall of Fame]] in 1986.

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Walt Disney received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the [[Légion d'Honneur]] awarded by France in 1935.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-6857-BD-Disney-Walt.html|title=Disney, Walt|publisher=Bedetheque|language=French}}</ref> In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the [[League of Nations]] for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=%22walt+disney%22+%22league+of+nations%22+award#v=onepage&q=%22walt%20disney%22%20%22league%20of%20nations%22%20award&f=false |title=Walt Disney: A Biography|publisher=ABC-CLIO|author=Krasniewicz, Louise |year=2010|accessdate = August 20, 2012| page=xxviii |isbn=978-0-313-35830-2}}</ref> He also received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on September 14, 1964.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=%22walt+disney%22+%22league+of+nations%22+award#v=onepage&q=medal%20of%20freedom&f=false |title=Walt Disney: A Biography|publisher=ABC-CLIO|author=Krasniewicz, Louise |year=2010|accessdate = August 20, 2012 |page=xxxiv |isbn=978-0-313-35830-2}}</ref> On December 6, 2006, California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] inducted Walt Disney into the [[California Hall of Fame]] located at [[The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts]].

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The [[National Audubon Society]] awarded Disney its highest honor, the Audubon Medal, in 1955 for promoting the "appreciation and understanding of nature" through his ''True-Life Adventures'' nature films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19551116&id=8r9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3770,22870 |title=Disney Receives Audubon Medal |publisher=''[[Toledo Blade]]'' |date=November 16, 1955 |accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref>

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A [[minor planet]], [[4017 Disneya]], discovered in 1980 by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astronomer [[Lyudmila Karachkina]], is named after him.<ref>{{cite book | last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names | page = 342 | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] | location = New York | url = http://books.google.com/?id=VoJ5nUyIzCsC&pg=PA342&dq=4017+Disneya#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn=3-540-00238-3}}</ref>

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The [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]] in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.

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[[Waltograph]], a [[freeware]] [[typeface]], is based on the Walt Disney Company's typography.

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In 1993, [[HBO]] began development of a Walt Disney biographical film, directed by [[Frank Pierson]] and produced by [[Lawrence Turman]], but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.<ref>{{cite news | author = David Rooney | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR119623 | title = Disney wins Houston and Washington teaming ... |work = Variety | date = March 3, 1994 | accessdate = March 31, 2009}}</ref> However, ''[[Walt - The Man Behind the Myth]]'', a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.<ref name="The Man Behind the Myth">{{cite web|title=Walt: The Man Behind the Myth (2001)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/walt_the_man_behind_the_myth/|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>

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Actor [[Tom Hanks]] played Walt in the film ''[[Saving Mr. Banks]]'' (2013). It was the first instance of an actor portraying Walt Disney in film.<ref name="Disney Studios">{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/movies/movie-news/index?int_cmp=saving_mr_banks_wdsmp_mop_movie-news_saving_mr_banks_begins_production_in_la_Intl|title="Saving Mr. Banks" Begins Production in Los Angeles|publisher=disney.go.com|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}</ref>

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== See also ==

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* [[Disney family]]

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* [[Walt Disney anthology television series]]

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* [[List of ambulance drivers during World War I]]

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* [[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees]]

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==Notes==

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==References==

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* {{citation | last1=Barrier | first1= J. Michael. | title=''The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney'' | chapter= The Pet in the Family: On the Farm and in the City, 1901–1923| year=2007 | publisher=[[University of California Press]]| isbn=978-0-520-24117-6| url =http://books.google.gr/books?id=h2JaDDqOiJkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Buckaroo+Bugs%27%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CoJwU7qlB-yZ0QWnu4CgBw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false}}

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* {{citation | last1=Cohen | first1= Karl F. | title=''Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America'' | chapter= Censorship of Theatrical Animation| year=2004 | publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]| isbn=978-0-7864-2032-2| url =http://books.google.gr/books?id=gIyH_DLYhoIC&pg=PA36&dq=%22Hare+Ribbin%27%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x11rU_OyIKWLyAPFhYCoBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Hare%20Ribbin'%22&f=false}}

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* {{Citation|first=Bob|last=Thomas|title=Walt Disney: An American Original|publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Disney Editions]]|year=1994 |origyear=1976|location=New York|isbn=0-7868-6027-8}}

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*{{Citation|last=Gabler|first=Neal|title=Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination|year=2006|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=0-679-43822-X|authorlink=Neal Gabler}}

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==Further reading==

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* Barrier, Michael (1999). ''Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.

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* [[Michael Broggie|Broggie, Michael]] (1997, 1998, 2005). ''Walt Disney's Railroad Story''. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0

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* Chytry, Josef. "Walt Disney and the Creation of Emotional Environments: Interpreting Walt Disney's Oeuvre from the Disney Studios to Disneyland, CalArts, and the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (epcot)," ''Rethinking History'' (London), 16 (June 2012), 259–78.

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* Eliot, Marc (1994). ''[[Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince]]''. New York: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 1-55972-174-X.

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* [[Richard Schickel|Schickel, Richard]], and [[Ivan R. Dee|Dee, Ivan R.]] (1967, 1985, 1997). ''The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney''. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.

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* [[Robert B. Sherman|Sherman, Robert B.]] and [[Richard M. Sherman|Sherman, Richard M.]] (1998). ''Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond''. ISBN 0-9646059-3-7

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* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|year=1991|title=Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast|location=New York|publisher=Hyperion|isbn=1-56282-899-1|ref=harv}}

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* Watts, Steven. ''[[The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life]]'', University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0

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* [[Michael Barrier (historian)|Barrier, Michael]] (2008). ''The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney'', University of California Press.

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==External links==

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* {{IMDb name|370|Walt Disney}}

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* {{Tcmdb name|id=50875|name=Walt Disney}}

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* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95660}}

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* [http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/waltdisney/ Walt Disney Family Museum]

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* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=284 Walt Disney Gravesite]

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* {{cite web |url=http://vault.fbi.gov/walter-elias-disney/ |title=Walter Elias Disney |work=FBI Records: The Vault |publisher=U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation}}

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* [http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/through-a-glass-disney/ Review of ''The Perfect American'', Philip Glass's opera about Walt Disney]

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* [http://www.LouisGrell.com/ Louis Grell Foundation]

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{{s-ttl|title = [[Mickey Mouse|Voice of Mickey Mouse]]|years= 1928–1947, 1955–1959}}

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{{s-aft|after= [[Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)|Jimmy MacDonald]]}}

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{{Authority control|VIAF=36927108|LCCN=n/78/095660|GND=118526006}}

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{{Persondata

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| NAME = Disney, Walter Elias

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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =

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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Producer, director and animator

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| DATE OF BIRTH = December 5, 1901

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| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chicago, [[Illinois]], United States

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| DATE OF DEATH = December 15, 1966

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| PLACE OF DEATH = Los Angeles, United States

}}

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[[Category:Walt Disney| ]]

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[[Category:1901 births]]

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[[Category:1966 deaths]]

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[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]

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[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]

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[[Category:American animators]]

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[[Category:American anti-communists]]

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[[Category:American cartoonists]]

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[[Category:Cancer deaths in California]]

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[[Category:Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners]]

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Changes: Walt Disney

Latest revision as of 19:37, 6 April 2015

See Also

Links and References

References

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+{{Staff Template
-{{Two other uses|Walt Disney, the person|the company he founded|The Walt Disney Company}}
+| Image                   = Walt_Disney_1946.jpg
-{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
+| RealName                =
-{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}}
+| Pseudonyms              =
-{{Infobox person
-  | name             = Walt Disney
+| Employers               =
-  | image            = Walt Disney 1946.JPG
+| Titles                  =
-  | caption          = Disney in 1946
-  | birth_name       = Walter Elias Disney
-  | birth_date       = {{birth date|mf=yes|1901|12|5}}<ref name="Walt Disney Family Museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|title=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>
-  | birth_place      = [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]], [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
-  | death_date       = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1966|12|15|1901|12|5}}
-  | death_place      = [[Burbank, California]], U.S.
-  | death_cause      = [[Lung cancer]]
-  | resting_place    = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], [[Glendale, California]], U.S.
-  | nationality      = American
-  | education        = McKinley High School, Chicago Academy of Fine Arts
-  | home_town        = [[Chicago]], Illinois
-  | residence        = Burbank, California
-  | occupation       = Co-founder of [[The Walt Disney Company]], formerly known as Walt Disney Productions
-  | yearsactive      = 1920–1966
-  | spouse           = [[Lillian Disney|Lillian Bounds]] (1925–66)
-  | parents          = [[Elias Disney]]<br/>[[Flora Call Disney]]
-  | family           = [[Disney family|Herbert Arthur Disney]] (brother)<br/>[[Disney family|Raymond Arnold Disney]] (brother)<br/>[[Roy O. Disney|Roy Oliver Disney]] (brother)<br/>[[Disney family|Ruth Flora Disney]] (sister)
-  | relations        = [[Ronald William Miller]] (son-in-law)<br/>[[Disney family|Robert Borgfeldt Brown]] (son-in-law)<br/>[[Roy E. Disney|Roy Edward Disney]] (nephew)
-  | children         = [[Diane Marie Disney]]<br/>[[Sharon Mae Disney]]
-  | party            = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
-  | religion         = [[Christianity]]
-  | boards           = [[The Walt Disney Company]]
-  | awards           = 7 [[Emmy Award]]s<br/>22 Academy Awards<br/>[[Cecil B. DeMille Award]]
-  | signature        = Walt Disney 1942 signature.svg
-}}
-'''Walter Elias''' "'''Walt'''" '''Disney''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|z|n|i}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Disney, Walt in English|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Disney-Walt?q=disney|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=11 February 2014|quote=/ˈdɪzni /}}</ref>  December 5, 1901&nbsp;– December 15, 1966) was an American [[business magnate]], [[animator]], [[cartoonist]], [[film producer|producer]], [[Film director|director]], [[screenwriter]], [[philanthropist]], and [[voice actor]]. Being a major figure within the [[Modern animation in the United States|American animation industry]] and throughout the world, he is regarded as a [[cultural icon]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space|url=http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html| agency=Associated Press |author= Dave Bryan |date= August 13, 2002|accessdate=September 27, 2010|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20090524060442/http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html |archivedate=May 24, 2009}}</ref> known for his influence and contributions to the field of [[Show business|entertainment]] during the 20th century. As a Hollywood business mogul, he, along with his brother [[Roy O. Disney]], co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the major motion picture production companies in the world. The corporation is now known as [[The Walt Disney Company]] and had an annual revenue of approximately US$45 billion in the 2013 financial year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000100103913000164/fy2013_q4x10k.htm|title=2013 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref>
+| Gender                  =
-As an animator and entrepreneur, Disney was particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and [[theme park]] design. He and his staff created some of the world's most iconic fictional characters, including [[Mickey Mouse]], whose original voice was provided by Disney himself. During his lifetime, he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record of four in one year,<ref name="academyaward">{{cite web|title=Walt Disney Academy awards | url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp | publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=May 21, 2008 }}</ref> giving him [[List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney|more awards and nominations]] than any other individual in history. Disney also won seven [[Emmy Award]]s and gave his name to the [[Disneyland]] and [[Walt Disney World Resort]] theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts like [[Tokyo Disney Resort]], [[Disneyland Paris]], and [[Hong Kong Disneyland]].
+| YearOfBirth             =
+| MonthOfBirth            =
+| DayOfBirth              =
+| CityOfBirth             =
+| StateOfBirth            =
+| CountryOfBirth          =
+| Creations               = [[Mickey Mouse]]
+| First                   =
+| PersonalHistory         =
-He died on December 15, 1966, from lung cancer in [[Burbank, California]]. A year later, construction of the [[Walt Disney World|Walt Disney World Resort]] began in Florida. His brother, [[Roy O. Disney|Roy Disney]], inaugurated the [[Magic Kingdom]] on October 1, 1971.
+| ProfessionalHistory     =
+| Notes                   =
-==1901–1937: Beginnings==
+| Trivia                  =
+| OfficialWebsite         =
-===Childhood===
+| Links                   =
-{{Main|Early life of Walt Disney}}
-[[File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG|thumb|Walt's parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney]]
-Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 North Tripp Avenue in Chicago's [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]] [[community areas in Chicago|community area]] to [[Irish-Canadian]] father [[Elias Disney]] and [[Flora Call Disney]], who was of [[German-American|German]] and English descent.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article| title=Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse| date=September 27, 2009| accessdate=October 21, 2010| work=Chicago Sun-Times| author=Lori Rackl| archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20091003001653/http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article |archivedate=October 3, 2009}}</ref>
-His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from [[Gowran]], [[County Kilkenny]], Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'[[Isigny-sur-Mer|Isigny]], a Frenchman who had travelled to England with [[William the Conqueror]] in 1066.<ref>{{cite book|title=Disneyland Paris|publisher=[[Michelin]]|date=August 7, 2002|isbn=2-06-048002-7|page=38}}</ref> With the d'Isigny name [[anglicisation|anglicized]] as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as [[Norton Disney]], south of the city of [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]], in the county of [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name=Ancestors>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Jon|title=Uncle Walt's lost ancestors|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uncle-walts-lost-ancestors-1266622.html|accessdate=23 May 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=12 April 1997}}</ref>
-In 1878 Disney's father Elias had moved from [[Huron County, Ontario]], Canada to the United States, at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near [[Ellis, Kansas]],<ref>Schlosser. Fast Food Nation. pg. 36</ref><ref name="Barrier"/> until 1884. Elias married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in [[Acron, Florida]], just 40 miles north of where [[Walt Disney World]] would ultimately be developed.<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780307265968&view=excerpt Walt Disney by Neal Gabler - eBook - Random House<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.randomhouse.com</ref> The family moved to [[Chicago, Illinois]] in 1890,<ref name="gabler7">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=7}}</ref>  hometown of Elias' brother Robert,<ref name="gabler7" /> who helped Elias financially for most of Walt's early life.<ref name="gabler7" />  In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in [[Marceline, Missouri]],<ref name="gabler4">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|pp=9–10}}</ref> where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.<ref name="gabler4" />  In Marceline Disney developed his love for drawing<ref name="gabler15">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=15}}</ref> with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.<ref name="gabler15" /> Elias was a subscriber to the ''[[Appeal to Reason (newspaper)|Appeal to Reason]]'' newspaper and Walt copied the front-page cartoons of Ryan Walker.<ref name="Barrier">Barrier (2007), p. 13</ref> His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train,<ref name="disneybio">{{cite web|title=Walt Disney biography|url=http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html|publisher=Just Disney|accessdate=May 21, 2008|archivedate=June 5, 2008|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html}}</ref> then try to spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
-[[File:Walt Disney in 1912.jpg|left|upright|thumb|10-year old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.]]
-Walt attended the new Park School of Marceline in fall, 1909. He and his younger sister Ruth started school together. Before that he had no formal schooling.<ref name="Barrier2">Barrier (2007), p. 16</ref> The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/|title=Walt Disney Hometown Museum|publisher=Walt Disney Museum}}</ref> before moving to [[Kansas City Metropolitan Area|Kansas City]] in 1911,<ref name="gabler19">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=18}}</ref>  where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School at 3004 Benton Boulevard, close to his new home. Disney had completed the second grade at Marceline but had to repeat the grade at Kansas City.<ref name="Barrier3">Barrier (2007), p. 17</ref> At school he met Walter Pfeiffer, who came from a family of theatre aficionados and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long, Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home,<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|1991|pp=33–41}}</ref>  as well as attending Saturday courses at the [[Kansas City Art Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 |title=Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009 |publisher=Kchistory.org |accessdate=May 31, 2011}}</ref>
-On July 1, 1911, Elias purchased a newspaper delivery route for ''[[The Kansas City Star]]''. It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street, and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue. Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers. The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper ''[[Kansas City Times]]'' to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday ''Star'' to more than 600. The number of customers they had increased with time.<ref name="Barrier4">Barrier (2007), p.&nbsp;18–19</ref> Walt woke up at 4:30 AM and worked delivering newspapers until the school bell rang. He resumed working the paper trail at 16:00 PM and continued to supper time. He found the work exhausting and often dozed in his desk. His grades suffered as a result. He continued working this schedule for more than six years.<ref name="Barrier4"/>
-===Teenage years===
-In 1917 Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city.<ref name="gabler30">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=30}}</ref>   In the fall Disney began his freshman year at [[List of schools in Chicago Public Schools#Former High Schools|McKinley High School]] and took night courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutelage of artist and educator [[Louis Grell]] (1887–1960).<ref>{{cite news|last=Disney|first=Walt|title=Walt Disney students transcripts|accessdate=18 September 2012|newspaper=Illinois Board of Higher Education released to Richard Grell by Diane Disney Miller via email on 18 September 2012|date=October - December 1917 and January - March 1918}}</ref> He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics on World War I. With a hope to join the [[United States Army|army]], Disney dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen, but was rejected for being underage.<ref name="gabler36">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=36}}</ref>
-After his rejection by the army, Disney and a friend decided to join the [[Red Cross]].<ref name="gabler37">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=37}}</ref> He was soon sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.<ref name="gabler380">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=38}}</ref>
-[[File:Walt01.jpg|thumb|Disney as an [[List of ambulance drivers during World War I|ambulance driver]] immediately after World War I]]
-Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,<ref name="gabler42">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=42}}</ref> Walt moved back to Kansas City in 1919 to begin his artistic career.<ref name="gabler44">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=44}}</ref> He considered a career as an actor but decided he wanted to draw political caricatures or comic strips for a newspaper. When nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio,<ref name="gabler44" /> where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.<ref name="gabler45">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=45}}</ref>  At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist [[Ub Iwerks|Ubbe Iwerks]]<ref name="gabler46">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=46}}</ref> and, when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.<ref name="gabler48">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=48}}</ref>
-In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone.<ref name="gabler51">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=51}}</ref>  While working for the company, where he made commercials based on [[cutout animation]], Disney became interested in animation and decided to become an animator.<ref name="gabler62">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=52}}</ref> The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book ''Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development'', Disney considered [[cel]] animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. He eventually decided to open his own animation business and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Ad Company, [[Fred Harman]], as his first employee.<ref name="gabler56">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=56}}</ref> Disney and Harman then start creating cartoons called ''Laugh-O-Grams''. They screened their cartoons at a local theater owned by Frank Newman, who was one of the most popular "showman" in Kansas City.<ref name="gabler57">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=57}}</ref>
-===Laugh-O-Gram Studio===
-Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",<ref name="gabler57" />  Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area.<ref name="gabler58">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=58}}</ref>  Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called [[Laugh-O-Gram Studio|Laugh-O-Gram]],<ref name="gabler64">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=64}}</ref> for which he hired a number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother [[Hugh Harman]], [[Rudolf Ising]], and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.<ref name="gabler6471">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|pp=64–71}}</ref> It was opened on May 18, 1922.<ref name=Laugh-O-gram>{{cite web|title=Walt Creates Laugh-O-gram Films|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-creates-laugh-o-gram-films|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>  Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,<ref name="gabler68">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=68}}</ref> Disney's studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt,<ref name="gabler68" /><ref name = "gabler72"/> whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.<ref name="gabler76">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=75}}</ref>
-===Film and business career in Hollywood===
-Two months after their arrival in October, 1923,<ref name="alice comedies" />  Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood.<ref name="gabler78">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=78}}</ref> [[Virginia Davis]], the live-action star of ''Alice's Wonderland'', and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney Brothers' Studio]], located on Hyperion Avenue in the [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake district]], where it remained until 1939. In 1925 Disney hired a young woman named [[Lillian Disney|Lillian Bounds]] to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year, on July 25, 1925.<ref name=marry>{{cite web|title=Walt Marries Lillian Bounds|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-marries-lillian-bounds|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>
-====Alice Comedies====
-Disney and Roy needed to find a distributor for Walt's new [[Alice Comedies]], which he had started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute.<ref name="gabler72">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=72}}</ref> Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor [[Margaret Winkler]], who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon ''Alice's Wonderland''.<ref name="gabler80">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=80}}</ref>
-The new series, ''[[Alice Comedies]]'', proved reasonably successful.<ref name="alice comedies">{{cite web|title=Alice Gets Rolling|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/alice-gets-rolling|work=Walt Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> It featured both [[Dawn O'Day]] and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named [[Julius the Cat|Julius]], who resembled [[Felix the Cat]], rather than the live-action Alice.
-====Oswald the Lucky Rabbit====
-{{Main|Oswald the Lucky Rabbit}}
-By 1927 [[Charles Mintz]] had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new, all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through [[Universal Pictures]]. The new series, ''[[Oswald the Lucky Rabbit]]'', was an almost instant success. Its main character, Oswald—drawn and created by Iwerks—became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, [[Carman Maxwell]], and [[Friz Freleng]] from Kansas City.
-Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short. He was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff, whereupon he found himself on his own again.<ref name="gabler109">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=109}}</ref>
-It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the [[Walt Disney Company]] reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from [[NBC Universal]] through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator [[Al Michaels]].<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2324417 Stay 'tooned: Disney gets 'Oswald' for Al Michaels], ESPN. Retrieved January 4, 2010</ref>
-====Mickey Mouse====
-{{Main|Mickey Mouse}}
-After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.<ref name="DisneyMuseum">{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html |title=The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse|publisher=[[Disney]]|author=Solomon, Charles |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080710052034/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html |archivedate = July 10, 2008}}</ref> Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate, although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."<ref name="DisneyMuseum"/> Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the ''Alice Comedies'', which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first [[Flip the Frog]] cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks, with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later renamed "Mickey" by Lillian Disney, who thought that the name Mortimer did not sound appealing.<ref name=Conversation1>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Kathy|title=Walt Disney: Conversations|year=2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=1-57806-713-8|page=120|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Famous Train Ride|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/famous-train-ride|website=Walt Disney Family Mussum|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref> Mortimer eventually became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie—taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Floyd|first1=Gottfredson|last2=David|first2=Gerstein|last3=Gary|first3=Groth|title=Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse Color Sundays: Robin Hood Rides Again|year=2013|publisher=Fantagraphics Books|isbn=978-1-60699-686-7|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=JJgyngEACAAJ&dq=isbn:9781606996867&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6fWKU4qhMoPh8AW4zIDYBQ&redir_esc=y}}</ref>
-The first animated short to feature Mickey, ''[[Plane Crazy]]'', was a [[silent film]] like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, ''[[The Gallopin' Gaucho]]'', Disney created a Mickey cartoon with [[talking picture|sound]] called ''[[Steamboat Willie]]''. A businessman named [[Pat Powers (businessman)|Pat Powers]] provided Disney with both distribution and [[Cinephone]], a sound-[[synchronization]] process. ''Steamboat Willie'' became an instant success.<ref name="gabler128">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=128}}</ref> ''Plane Crazy'', ''The Galloping Gaucho'', and all subsequent Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of ''Steamboat Willie'', Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.<ref name="gabler129">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=129}}</ref> Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character.<ref name="DisneyMuseum"/> Mickey's popularity grew rapidly in the early 1930s.<ref name="DisneyMuseum"/>
-====''Silly Symphonies''====
-Following in the footsteps of ''Mickey Mouse series'', a series of musical shorts titled, ''[[Silly Symphonies]]'', were released in 1929. The first, ''[[The Skeleton Dance]]'', was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers.<ref name="gabler142">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=142}}</ref> In 1930 Disney signed a new distribution deal with [[Columbia Pictures]]. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty, with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by [[Carl Stalling]].<ref name=DisneyMuseum2>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/sillysymphonies/index.html|title=THE BIRTH OF THE SILLY SYMPHONIES  |publisher=[[Disney]]|author=Merritt, Russell}}</ref>
-Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling left Disney to join Iwerks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gabler|pages=143–144}}</ref> Iwerks launched his ''[[Flip the Frog]]'' series with the first voiced color cartoon ''Fiddlesticks'', filmed in two-strip [[Technicolor]]. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, ''[[Willie Whopper]]'' and the ''[[Comicolor]]''. In 1936 Iwerks shut down his [[Ub Iwerks Studio|studio]] in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He returned to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
-By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, ''Silly Symphonies'' was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as [[Max Fleischer]]'s flapper cartoon character, [[Betty Boop]], gained popularity among theater audiences.<ref>{{cite journal|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.4/AWNMag2.4.pdf|author= Langer, Mark|title=Popeye From Strip To Screen|publisher=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 1997|volume=2|issue=4|pages=17–19|format=PDF|ref=harv}}</ref> Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.ritannica.com/eb/article-9106382/Fleischer-brothers|title=Fleischer brothers|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> was also the father of [[Richard Fleischer]], whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]''. Meanwhile, on April 13, 1931, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.<ref name=newdeal>{{cite web|title=Walt and Roy Sign a New Deal|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-and-roy-sign-new-deal|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>  In late 1932, [[Herbert Kalmus]], who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor4.htm|title=System 4|publisher=Widescreen Museum}}</ref> approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white ''[[Flowers and Trees]]'' in three-strip [[Technicolor]].<ref name="Tech">{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor5.htm|title=System 4|publisher=Widescreen Museum}}</ref> ''Flowers and Trees'' would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first [[Academy Award for Animated Short Film|Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons]] in 1932. After the release of ''Flowers and Trees'', all subsequent ''Silly Symphony'' cartoons were in color. Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.mbam.qc.ca/disney/index_en.html|title=Walt Disney at the Museum?|publisher=[[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.fpsmagazine.com/review/070312onceupon.php|title=Once Upon a Time: Walt Disney: The Sources of Inspiration for the Disney Studios|publisher=[[fps magazine]]}}</ref> a period eventually extended to five years.<ref name="DisneyMuseum2" /> Through ''Silly Symphonies'', Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|The Three Little Pigs]]'' (1933).<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/cteq/3_little_pigs/|title=Huffing and Puffing about Three Little Pigs|publisher=Senses of Cinema|author=Danks, Adrian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080422180415/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/03/29/3_little_pigs.html |archivedate = April 22, 2008}}</ref> The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/pigs/pigs.html|title=Three Little Pigs|publisher=[[Disney]]}}</ref>
-[[File:Walt disney star.JPG|right|thumb|One of two stars dedicated to Walt Disney on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].]]
-===First Academy Award and subsequent spin-offs===
-On November 18, 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse".<ref name="first Academy Award">{{cite web|title=Flowers and Trees Wins an Academy Award®|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/flowers-and-trees-wins-academy-award%C2%AE|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> The series, which switched to color in 1935, soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as [[Donald Duck]], [[Goofy]], and [[Pluto (dog)|Pluto]]. Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, ''[[Orphan's Benefit]]'', was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9096160/Donald-Duck|title=Donald Duck|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>
-===Children===
-The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, [[Diane Marie Disney]], on December 18, 1933.<ref name="wordpress1">{{cite web|url=http://wdwcentral.wordpress.com/2008/12/01/the-windows-on-main-street-sharon-lund/ |title=The Windows on Main Street: Sharon Lund « WDW Central |publisher=Wdwcentral.wordpress.com |date=December 1, 2008 |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> Later, the Disneys adopted [[Sharon Mae Disney]] (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).<ref name=Sharon />
-Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as [[Diane Disney Miller]]. The Millers established a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silveradovineyards.com/winery/history |title=Silverado Vineyards |publisher=Silverado Vineyards |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> Diane and Ron Miller had seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.<ref name=timeline2>{{cite web|title=Diane Gets Married|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/diane-gets-married|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>  Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of [[The Walt Disney Family Museum]], with the aid of her children. Diane died November 19, 2013, of complications from a fall at home.<ref name="latimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/obituaries/la-me-diane-disney-miller-20131120,0,778420.story#axzz2l9TcMiri |title=Diane Disney Miller dies at 79; philanthropist championed Disney Hall |work=Los Angeles Times |date= November 19, 2013|accessdate=November 19, 2013 }}</ref>
-Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys due to [[Lillian Disney|Lillian's]] several birth complications.<ref name=Sharon>{{cite web|title=Sharon Mae Disney Is Born|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/sharon-mae-disney-born|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child. They remained married until his death in 1967.<ref name=Sharon2>{{cite web|title=Sharon Mae Disney|url=http://charactersofdisney.wordpress.com/sharon-mae-disney/|work=WordPress|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>  Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.<ref>Barrier, 2008, p.324</ref> Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/local/me-60_1_walt-disney |title=Sharon Disney Lund &#124; Sharon Lund; Daughter of Walt Disney|work= Los Angeles Times |date=October 17, 1993 |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.<ref name="Sharon2" /> After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts),<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance: CalArts|url=http://dance.calarts.edu/|accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref> where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.<ref name="wordpress1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://calarts.edu/news/2007-mar-21/calarts-honors-major-donors-its-125-million-campaign |title=CalArts Honors Major Donors To Its $125 Million Campaign|publisher=Calarts.edu |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref>
-==1937–1941: Golden age of animation==
-==="Disney's Folly": ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''===
-{{main|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)}}
-[[File:Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg|left|thumb|Walt Disney introduces
-each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White]]'' theatrical trailer.]]
-Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, ''[[Popeye the Sailor]]'', produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907|title=Popeye's Popularity – Article from 1935  |publisher=Golden Age Cartoons}}</ref> Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.<ref name="DisneyMuseum" /> When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an ''animated'' feature-length version of ''[[Snow White]]'', they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly".<ref name="disneysfolly">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Bob |year=1991 |title=Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast |publisher= Hyperion |location=New York. |page=66 |isbn=1-56282-899-1 }}</ref> Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing [[Chouinard Art Institute]] professor [[Donald W. Graham|Don Graham]] to start a training operation for the studio staff.<ref name="disneysfolly" /> Disney then used the ''Silly Symphonies'' as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the [[multiplane camera]] – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 ''Silly Symphonies'' short ''[[The Old Mill]]''.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/long_bio.html |title=Walt Disney, Biography|publisher=Just Disney |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20070710012642/http://www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/long_bio.html |archivedate = July 10, 2007}}</ref>
-All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete ''Snow White'', Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' a standing ovation. ''Snow White'', the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with [[RKO Radio Pictures]]. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue08/reviews/vanbeuren/|title=Cartoons that Time Forgot|publisher=Images Journal}}</ref> The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release, the equivalent of ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|8000000|1938|r=-1}}}} today.{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=229}}
-===Subsequent successes===
-Following the success of ''Snow White'', for which Disney received one full-size and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], which opened for business on December 24, 1939. ''Snow White'' was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutdisney.html|title=Walt Disney Studio Biography |publisher=Animation USA|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20100531022524/http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutdisney.html |archivedate=May 31, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/goldenage/index.html|title=The Golden Age of Animation  |publisher=[[Disney]]}}</ref> Feature animation staff, having just completed ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'', continued work on ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' and ''[[Bambi]]'' as well as the early production stages of ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'', and ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad|Wind in the Willows]]''. The shorts staff carried on working on the ''Mickey Mouse'', ''Donald Duck'', ''Goofy'', and ''Pluto'' cartoon series. Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.<ref name="solomon1">{{cite web| url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080611022804/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html| archivedate=2008-06-11| title=The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse| author=Solomon, Charles| publisher=Disney.com guest services}}</ref>
-''Pinocchio'' and ''Fantasia'' followed ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments.{{sfn|Thomas|1994|p=161}}{{sfn|Barrier|1999|p=318, 602}} The inexpensive ''[[Dumbo]]'' was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff [[Disney animators' strike|went on strike]], permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.<ref name="Gabler, Neal- 2006">Gabler, Neal-(2006) ''Walt Disney, The Triumph of American Imagination'', Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York City</ref>
-==1941–1945: World War II era==
-Shortly after the release of ''Dumbo'' in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The [[U.S. Army]] and [[United States Navy|Navy]] [[Bureau of Aeronautics]] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military like ''Aircraft Carrier Landing Signals'', home-front morale-boosting shorts such as ''[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]'',<ref name=warwarwar>{{cite web|title=WAR!|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/war|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> which won an Academy Award,<ref>{{cite web|title=Der Fuehrer's Face Wins an Academy Award®|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/der-fuehrers-face-wins-academy-award%C2%AE|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> and the 1943 feature film ''[[Victory Through Air Power (film)|Victory Through Air Power]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victory Through Air Power Opens in Theaters|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/victory-through-air-power-opens-theaters|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Military films did not generate income, and the feature film ''[[Bambi]]'' underperformed on its release in April 1942.<ref name="Fiscal Crisis">{{cite web|title=The Disney Brothers Face a Fiscal Crisis|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/disney-brothers-face-fiscal-crisis|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Disney successfully re-issued ''Snow White'' in 1944, establishing a [[Disney Vault|seven-year re-release tradition]] for his features.<ref name="Fiscal Crisis" /> In 1945, ''[[The Three Caballeros]]'' was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Three Caballeros Has Its World Premiere|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/three-caballeros-has-its-world-premiere|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref>
-In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its [[Good Neighbor policy]], at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, ''[[Saludos Amigos]]''.<ref>[http://www.waltandelgrupo.com/ Walt & El Grupo] (documentary film, 2008).</ref> In addition, Disney was asked by the US [[Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs]] to make an educational film about the [[Amazon Basin]], which resulted in the 1944 animated short, ''The Amazon Awakens''.<ref>Gabler, 2006, p.444</ref><ref>Bender, Pennee.{{Wayback |date=20070527223035 |url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p114070_index.html |title="Hollywood Meets South American and Stages a Show"}} Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association. May 24, 2009 Archived May 27, 2007.</ref><ref>Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F., [http://books.google.com/books?id=YA6-HTSJv5MC&printsec=frontcover ''Latin America during World War II''], Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-3741-5. Cf. p.47.</ref>
-Disney took up the work of making insignia for the soldiers as well. They were used to not only bring humor to military units but also be a way to boost morale. The first insignia was created as early as 1933 for a Naval Reserve Squadron stationed at Floyd Bennett Field in New York. Disney created his own insignia design unit with Hank Porter, at the helm, Roy Williams, Bill Justice, Van Kaufman, Ed Parks, and George Goepper.  Together, these men created over 1200 unique insignia throughout the duration of World War II.  All of the designs were created free-of-charge. "The insignia meant a lot to the men who were fighting&nbsp;... I had to do it&nbsp;... I owed it to them." said Disney.<ref name=warwarwar />
-==1945–1955: Post-war period==
-[[File:Walt Disney and Dr. Wernher von Braun - GPN-2000-000060.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Walt Disney meets [[Wernher von Braun]] in 1954.]]
-By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' and ''[[Peter Pan (1953 movie)|Peter Pan]]'', both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', which became Disney's most successful film since ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled ''True-Life Adventures'', with ''On Seal Island'' the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star [[Bugs Bunny]]. By 1942, [[Leon Schlesinger Productions]], which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutwb.html|title=Warner Bros. Studio Biography |publisher=Animation USA |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20090524120920/http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutwb.html |archivedate=May 24, 2009}}</ref> However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.sandcastlevi.com/movies/disneyh5.htm|title=Disney's Animated Classics|publisher=Sandcastle VI}}</ref> a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.<ref name="donaldduck1">{{cite web| url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080615165949/disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html| archivedate=2008-06-15| title=Mickey in the Post-War Era| author=Solomon, Charles| publisher=Disney.com guest services}}</ref>
-Meanwhile, Disney studios created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included ''[[Make Mine Music]]'' (1946), ''[[Melody Time]]'' (1948), ''[[Fun and Fancy Free]]'' (1947) and ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad]]'' (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' by [[Kenneth Grahame]], and the second on ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]'' by [[Washington Irving]]. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including ''[[Song of the South]]'' and ''[[So Dear to My Heart]]''. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity faded again.<ref name="donaldduck1" />
-During the mid-1950s, Disney produced educational films on the space program in collaboration with [[NASA]] rocket designer [[Wernher von Braun]]: ''Man in Space'' and ''Man and the Moon'' in 1955, and ''Mars and Beyond'' in 1957.<ref name=Mars_and_Beyond>{{cite web|title=Disneyland - 4.12 - Mars and Beyond|url=http://wn.com/mars_and_beyond|work=World News|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref> ''Man in Space'' was nominated for Best Documentary Short Subject - 1956 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.<ref name=Man_in_Space>{{cite web|title=Man in Space|url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/149371/Man-in-Space/details|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref>
-===Disney and the Second Red Scare===
-Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group [[Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals]].<ref name="ceplair">{{cite book|title=The inquisition in Hollywood: politics in the film community, 1930–1960|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04886-7|pages=210–214|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&lpg=PA209&dq=Motion%20Picture%20Alliance%20for%20the%20Preservation%20of%20American%20Ideals&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q=1944%20Motion%20Picture%20Alliance%20&f=false|author=Larry Ceplair|coauthors=Steven Englund|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> In 1947, during the [[Second Red Scare]],<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html|title=Testimony of Walter E. Disney before HUAC|publisher=CNN|date=October 24, 1947 |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080514003423/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html |archivedate = May 14, 2008}}</ref> Disney testified before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC), where he branded [[Herbert Sorrell]], [[David Hilberman]] and [[William Pomerance]], former animators and [[trade union|labor union]] organizers as Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.<ref>Cogley, John (1956) Report on Blacklisting, Volume I, Movies Fund for the Republic, New York, p. 34 OCLC 3794664; reprinted in 1972 by Arno Press, New York ISBN 0-405-03915-8</ref><ref>"Communist brochure" Screen Actors Guild Retrieved October 20, 2008</ref> Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.<ref name=CNN/>
-On January 12, 1955, Disney was approved from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] as an official SAC (special agent in charge). The title was used in-house by the Bureau for a trusted person they could contact for information or further assistance. Memos indicate that he remained a source of information to his death.<ref name="Cohen">Cohen (2004), p.&nbsp;35–36</ref>
-==1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond==
-===Carolwood Pacific Railroad===
-[[File:LillybelleDland.jpg|thumb|The Lilly Belle on display at Disneyland Main Station in 1993. The caboose's woodwork was done entirely by Walt himself.]]
-{{Main|Carolwood Pacific Railroad}}
-During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the [[Holmby Hills]] district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends [[Ward Kimball|Ward and Betty Kimball]], who already had their own [[backyard railroad]], Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature [[live steam]] railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, [[Carolwood Pacific Railroad]], came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive.<ref name=Train>{{cite web|title=A Childhood Dream Come True|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/childhood-dream-come-true|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The railroad's half-mile long layout included a {{convert|46|ft|m|adj=mid}} long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a {{convert|90|ft|m|sing=on}} tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed.<ref name=train2>{{cite book|last=Broggie|first=Michael|title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom Donning Company|publisher=Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, Virginia|isbn=1-56342-009-0|pages=115–116, 118|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BupsDEZOLYUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Walt+described+a+revolutionary+idea+he+called+Mickey+Mouse+Park&source=bl&ots=di6DKUDbkJ&sig=ZNJWxwO1kE90ljjEjN915Lj2V1g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Glz7UsCND-H-ygPP1YH4Bw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Walt%20described%20a%20revolutionary%20idea%20he%20called%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Park&f=false}}</ref> He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer [[Roger E. Broggie]] ''Lilly Belle'' in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.<ref name=train3>{{cite book|last=Broggie|first=Michael|title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom|publisher=Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, Virginia|isbn=1-56342-009-0|pages=117–118|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BupsDEZOLYUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Walt+described+a+revolutionary+idea+he+called+Mickey+Mouse+Park&source=bl&ots=di6DKUDbkJ&sig=ZNJWxwO1kE90ljjEjN915Lj2V1g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Glz7UsCND-H-ygPP1YH4Bw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Walt%20described%20a%20revolutionary%20idea%20he%20called%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Park&f=false}}</ref>
-===Planning Disneyland===
-{{Main|Disneyland}}
-[[File:6308-AnaheimDisneyLand-NW to SE View.jpg|thumb|left|[[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]]: aerial view, August 1963, looking SE. New Melodyland Theater at top. [[Santa Ana Freeway]] (US 101 at the time, now [[Interstate 5|I-5]]) upper left corner.]]
-On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an [[amusement park]] where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children.<ref name=HenryFord>{{cite web|title=Walt Disney Visits Henry Ford's Greenfield Village|url=http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/pic/2005/september.asp|work=The Henry Ford|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to [[Children's Fairyland]] in [[Oakland, California]].<ref name = "nyt">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/us/06bclocalintel.html|title=Children's Fairyland|date=February 5, 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park [[Republic of the Children]] located in [[Manuel B. Gonnet]], [[La Plata]], Argentina, and opened in 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionvalorar.org.ar/republica2008/Historia.asp |title=República de los Niños – Historia del Proyecto |publisher=Fundacionvalorar.org.ar |accessdate=April 8, 2012}}</ref> This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]].<ref name=HenryFord /><ref name = "nyt" /> Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, [[Walt Disney Imagineering|WED Enterprises]], to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineer]]s.<ref name=WED>{{cite web|title=The Beginning of WED|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/beginning-wed|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref>
-As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to [[Herbert Ryman|Herb Ryman]], who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the [[Bank of America]] during fund raising for the project, he said, ""Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train.""<ref>{{cite book|author1=The Imagineers (Group)|title=Walt Disney Imagineering: A Behind the Dreams Look at Making the Magic Real|date=8 Oct 1998|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-0-7868-8372-1|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=b5vpAAAAMAAJ&q=Herbie,+I+just+want+it+to+look+like+nothing+else+in+the+world.+And+it+should+be+surrounded+by+a+train.&dq=Herbie,+I+just+want+it+to+look+like+nothing+else+in+the+world.+And+it+should+be+surrounded+by+a+train.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3CCLU4a8IYfk8AXS5YKYDg&redir_esc=y|chapter=3,4}}</ref> Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his [[Carolwood Pacific Railroad]] inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.<ref name=Train101>{{cite book|last=Broggie|first=Michael|title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom|publisher=Donning Company Publishers|location=Virginia Beach, Virginia|isbn=1-56342-009-0|pages=185–191|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=BupsDEZOLYUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Walt+described+a+revolutionary+idea+he+called+Mickey+Mouse+Park&source=bl&ots=di6DKUDbkJ&sig=ZNJWxwO1kE90ljjEjN915Lj2V1g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Glz7UsCND-H-ygPP1YH4Bw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Walt%20described%20a%20revolutionary%20idea%20he%20called%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Park&f=false}}</ref>
-====Disneyland grand opening====
-[[File:Waltopening.jpg|thumb|right|Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955]]
-On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Bob Cummings]] and [[Art Linkletter]], who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
-{{cquote|To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past&nbsp;... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America&nbsp;... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world.<ref name=OpeningDayVideo>{{cite web|title=Opening Day at Disneyland (Video)|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/custom-ytplayer-lightbox/7Yd-DJxWGxk|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}
-Disney patrolled around the place, introducing one land after another. At Fantasyland, he said, "Fantasyland is dedicated to the young and the young in heart, to those who believe when you wish upon a star, your dreams come true."<ref name=OpeningDay />
-===Expansion into new areas===
-Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, as well as expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, ''[[Treasure Island (1950 film)|Treasure Island]]'' became the studio's first all-live-action feature,<ref>{{cite web|title=Treasure Island Opens in U.S. Theaters|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/treasure-island-opens-us-theaters|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> soon followed by ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]'' (in [[CinemaScope]], 1954), ''[[Old Yeller (1957 film)|Old Yeller]]'' (1957), ''[[The Shaggy Dog (1959 film)|The Shaggy Dog]]'' (1959), ''[[Pollyanna (1960 film)|Pollyanna]]'' (1960), ''[[Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)|Swiss Family Robinson]]'' (1960), ''[[The Absent-Minded Professor]]'' (1961), and ''[[The Parent Trap (1961 film)|The Parent Trap]]'' (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, ''[[One Hour in Wonderland]]'', in 1950.<ref name=OneHour>{{cite web|title=One Hour in Wonderland|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/one-hour-wonderland|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> Disney began hosting a [[Walt Disney anthology series|weekly anthology series]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] entitled ''[[Disneyland TV show|Disneyland]]'', after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disneyland Premieres on ABC|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/disneyland-premieres-abc|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The show also featured a [[Davy Crockett]] miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.<ref name="FP242_244">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Randy|title=A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory|publisher=The Free Press|isbn=0-684-83544-4|pages=242–244|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=iDFd_1yaAdgC&pg=PA244&dq=randy+roberts+%22davy+crockett%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7SoMUYj3Oq7piwL01YG4DQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=randy%20roberts%20%22davy%20crockett%22&f=false}}</ref> In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, ''[[Mickey Mouse Club]]'' debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show catered specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955–59 production run.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mickey Mouse Club|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/mickey-mouse-club|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> [[The Mickey Mouse Club]] continued in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.<ref name="Cotter">{{cite book|last=Cotter|first=Jim|title=The Wonderful World of Disney Television|publisher=[[Hyperion Books]]|year=1997|location=New York|pages=181–196 (1950s), 197–198 (1970s), 295 (MMC)|isbn=0-7868-6359-5 }}</ref>
-As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the [[Nine Old Men]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Canemaker | first = John | year = 2001 |title = Walt Disney's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation | location = New York, New York | publisher = Disney Editions | isbn = 0-7868-6496-6 }}</ref> Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.<ref>John Lasseter-Commentary-Sleeping Beauty-2008 DVD</ref> During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' (the first animated film in [[CinemaScope]]) in 1955, ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (the first animated film in [[Super Technirama]] [[70mm]]) in 1959, ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' (the first animated feature film to use [[cel|Xerox cels]]) in 1961, and ''[[The Sword in the Stone (film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' in 1963.
-Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division though special shorts projects continued for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, [[Buena Vista Distribution]], which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from [[RKO]] by 1955.<ref name=bbg>{{cite news |last=Fixmer |first=Fixmer |title=Disney to Drop Buena Vista Brand Name, People Say (Update1) |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a0MG17nO.PG8 |accessdate=28 November 2012 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|bloomberg.com]] |date=April 25, 2007}}</ref> Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.<ref name=OpeningDay>{{cite web|title=Opening Day at Disneyland|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/opening-day-disneyland|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref>
-After 1955, the ''Disneyland'' TV show was renamed ''Walt Disney Presents''. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to ''Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color'', at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|title=Timeline of Walt Disney|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/timeline|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>  and eventually evolving into its current form as ''[[Walt Disney anthology series|The Wonderful World of Disney]]''.Since then, it has aired on ABC,CBS, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by [[Roger Mobley]] with a plot based on the writings of [[Richard Harding Davis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wagner|first1=Laura|title=Anne Francis: The Life and Career|date=Jun 30, 2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8600-7|pages=187–188|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=mEKBLT-Z9sgC&dq=The+Wonderful+World+of+Disney+Gallegher&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
-Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956. Partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song [[The Ballad of Davy Crockett]], he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called [[Disneyland Records]].<ref name=Records1>{{cite book|last=Ehrbar|first=Greg|title=Mouse Tracks: The Story of Walt Disney Records|date=May 3, 2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-849-4|pages=5–12, 20|url=http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=jGdpWCTdb-IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Walt+Disney+Records&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5-KJU4veHZTj8AWk9ILACw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Walt%20Disney%20Records&f=false}}</ref>
-===Early 1960s successes===
-[[File:Shermans042.jpg|thumb|left|(Left to right) [[Robert B. Sherman]], [[Richard M. Sherman]] and Walt Disney sing "[[There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow]]" (1964)]]
-By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the [[1960 Winter Olympics]].<ref name=sroverview>{{cite web|title=1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/|accessdate=August 2, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110716122213/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1960/| archivedate= July 16, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
-After decades of pursuit, Disney acquired the rights to [[P. L. Travers]]' books about a magical nanny. ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'', released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a song score written by Disney favorites, the [[Sherman Brothers]].<ref name=marypoppinsopen>{{cite web|title=Mary Poppins Opens in Theaters|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/mary-poppins-opens-theaters|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sherman Bro">{{cite web|title=The Sherman Brothers|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/sherman-brothers|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The New York World's Fair Opens|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/new-york-worlds-fair-opens|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref> including [[sound reproduction|Audio]]-[[Animatronic]] figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].<ref name=Morison>{{cite web|last=Morison|first=Elting E.|title=What Went Wrong with Disney's Worlds Fair|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/what-went-wrong-disney%E2%80%99s-worlds-fair|work=American Heritage|publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company|accessdate=May 1, 2012|date=December 1983}}</ref>
-Although the studio might have proved major competition for [[Hanna-Barbera]], Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning television cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would be too great.
-===Plans for Disney World and EPCOT===
-In late 1965, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando.<ref name=Announce>{{cite web|title=A Press Conference Announcing Epcot Is Held|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/press-conference-announcing-epcot-held|website=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as [[Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (concept)|EPCOT]] for short.<ref name=EPCOT122>{{cite web|title=First Thoughts of Epcot|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/first-thoughts-epcot|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=EPCOT123>{{cite web|title=Epoct!|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/epcot|work=Walt Disney Family Museum|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref>
-===Mineral King Ski Resort===
-During the early to mid-1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in [[Mineral King]], a glacial valley in California's [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer [[Willy Schaeffler]], who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid-1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists stopped the building of the resort.<ref name="ski">{{cite book|title=Challenge of the Big Trees|last=Dilsaver|first=L.M.|coauthors=Tweed, W.C.|chapter=New Directions and a Second Century (1972–1990)|year=1990|publisher=Sequoia Natural History Association|chapterurl=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dilsaver-tweed/chap9c.htm}}</ref>
-==Illness and death==
-Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.<ref>Gabler, Neal 2006 ''Walt Disney: The Triumph of Imagination'', Alfed A. Knofph Inc, New York City</ref>
-In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury caused by many years of playing [[polo]] at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.<ref name="Wadisea">{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.waltdisney.org/content/walt-sick|title=The Day Walt Died |publisher=[[Disney]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww070711ws|title=Horsing Around With Walt and Polo|publisher=Mouse Planet}}</ref> On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at [[Providence St. Joseph Medical Center]], across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.<ref name="Wadisea" /> Five days later a biopsy showed the [[lung cancer|tumor to be malignant]] and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.<ref name="Wadisea" /> After removing the lung on November 11, the surgeons informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.<ref name=Walt-Is-Sick>{{cite web|url=http://www.waltdisney.com/content/walt-sick|title=Walt Is Sick|work=waltdisney.com|accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref> After several [[cobalt therapy]] sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short time in [[Palm Springs, California]].<ref name=Walt-Is-Sick /> On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's. Disney's spokesman said he was there for a "postoperative checkup."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W-YcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CpcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7159,3565166&dq=walt+disney&hl=en |title=People in the News |publisher=''[[Park City Daily News]]'' |date=December 7, 1966 |accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref> Ten days after his 65th birthday, on December 15, 1966, at 9:30&nbsp;a.m., Disney died of acute [[circulatory collapse]], caused by lung cancer.<ref name="Wadisea" />  The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor [[Kurt Russell]], the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.<ref name="KR_Last_Word">{{cite web|accessdate=April 24, 2007|url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/04/24/kurt_russell_confirms_that_walt_disney_s|title=Kurt Russell Confirms Disney's Last Words|publisher=Star Pulse}}</ref>
-Roy O. Disney continued with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to [[Walt Disney World Resort|Walt Disney World]] in honor of his brother.
-The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' and the live-action musical feature ''[[The Happiest Millionaire]]'', both released in 1967, as well as the animated short ''[[Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day]]'', released in 1968. Songwriter [[Robert B. Sherman]] recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
-{{cquote|He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of ''The Happiest Millionaire''. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.<ref>{{cite book | first = K&R | last = Greene | title = Inside The Dream: The Personal Story Of Walt Disney | year = 2001 | page = 180 | isbn = 0-7868-5350-6| publisher = Disney Editions}}</ref>}}
-===Hibernation urban legend===
-A long-standing [[urban legend]] maintains that Disney was [[Cryonics|cryonically frozen]], and that his frozen corpse was stored beneath the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] ride at Disneyland,<ref name = Snopes>{{cite web|title= Suspended Animation | publisher = [[Snopes.com]] |url= http://www.snopes.com/disney/waltdisn/frozen.asp|accessdate=May 21, 2008 | date = August 24, 2007 | last = Mikkelson | first = B & DP}}</ref> but Disney's remains were cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Glendale, California]]. The [[James Bedford|first known human cryonic freezing]] was in January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.<ref name = Snopes/>
-According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine ''Ici Paris'' in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/wd-ice.htm "Suspended Animation"] Urban Legends Reference Pages 1995–2001 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson</ref>
-His daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
-==Legacy: 1967–present==
-===Continuing Disney Productions===
-[[File:Disneyland plaque.jpg|right|thumb|Plaque at the entrance that embodies the intended spirit of Disneyland by Walt Disney: to leave reality and enter fantasy]]
-After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of [[Cinderella Castle]] at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
-After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "[[When You Wish upon a Star]]", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by [[Mickey Mouse]]. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.<ref>{{cite web|author=  Griffiths, Bill|title=Grand opening of Walt Disney world|url=http://www.startedbyamouse.com/archives/GrandOpeningWDW01.shtml|accessdate=May 21, 2008}}</ref> Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
-[[File:Disney1968.jpg|left|thumb|upright|1968 US postage stamp]]
-During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into [[EPCOT Center]], which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living [[world's fair]], different from the functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated [[Celebration, Florida]], a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. The company later changed this policy and [[Disney characters]] can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
-===Disney entertainment empire===
-{{main|Walt Disney Company}}
-Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets [[The Walt Disney Company]] owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title= Walt Disney corporate website|url= http://corporate.disney.go.com/investors/index.html|accessdate=May 21, 2008|publisher=[[Walt Disney Company]]}}</ref>
-===Disney Animation===
-{{Main|Walt Disney Animation Studios}}
-Walt Disney was a pioneer in [[character animation]]. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just ''"impossible outlandish gags"'' and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential today. He was considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his death until the late 1980s in a period known as the [[Disney Renaissance]].<ref name="USAToday">{{cite news |first=Claudia|last=Puig|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2010-03-26-beauty26_ST_N.htm|title='Waking Sleeping Beauty' documentary takes animated look at Disney renaissance| work = [[USA Today]]|date=March 26, 2010|accessdate=July 6, 2011}}</ref> The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988), ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' (1989), ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (1991), ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992) and ''[[The Lion King]]'' (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed [[Pixar]]'s [[Toy Story]], the first [[computer animation|computer animated]] feature film. Walt Disney's nephew [[Roy E. Disney]] claimed that Walt would have loved ''Toy Story'' and that it was "his kind of movie".<ref>Roy E. Disney-The Legacy of Toy Story-Toy Story-2005, DVD</ref> With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful [[Traditional animation|Traditional hand-drawn animated]] features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] were closed, and the main studio in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]] was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, ''[[Home on the Range (2004 film)|Home on the Range]]''. However, since the 2006 acquisition of [[Pixar]], and the resulting rise of [[John Lasseter]] to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]''. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.<ref>{{citation|url=http://animatedviews.com/2013/from-snow-queen-to-pinocchio-ii-robert-reeces-animated-adventures-in-screenwriting/ |title=From Snow Queen to Pinocchio II: Robert Reece's animated adventures in screenwriting|author=Josh Armstrong |publisher=Animatedviews.com |date=April 22, 2013 }}</ref>
-===CalArts===
-{{main|California Institute of the Arts}}
-In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding [[The California Institute of the Arts]] (CalArts). It is formed in 1961 through a merger of the [[Los Angeles Conservatory of Music]] and the [[Chouinard Art Institute]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://calarts.edu/about/history | title=CalArts: History}}</ref> When Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title= Walt Disney's will|url= http://www.doyourownwill.com/disney.asp|accessdate=January 3, 2008|publisher=Do Your Own Will}}</ref> He also donated {{convert|38|acre|km2|3|abbr=on}} of the Golden Oaks ranch in [[Valencia, California|Valencia]] for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in November, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=California Institute of the Arts Feminist Art Materials Collection|url=http://calarts.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012/01/17/Guide%20to%20the%20California%20Institute%20of%20the%20Arts%20%20Feminist%20Art%20Materials%20Collection%201971-2007%20%5Bbulk%201972-1977%5D%20.pdf|website=CalArts Official Website|accessdate=1 June 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131111131818/http://calarts.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012/01/17/Guide%20to%20the%20California%20Institute%20of%20the%20Arts%20%20Feminist%20Art%20Materials%20Collection%201971-2007%20%5Bbulk%201972-1977%5D%20.pdf|archivedate=11 November 2013}}</ref>
-In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."<ref>{{cite book|title=Sunshine Muse: Art on the West Coast, 1945–1970|author=Plagens, Peter|page=159|year=2000|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-22392-6}}</ref>
-===Walt Disney Family Museum===
-In 2009, [[The Walt Disney Family Museum]] opened in the [[Presidio of San Francisco]]. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.<ref>{{cite news | title = Exploring the Man Behind the Animation | first = Edward | last = Rothstein | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/design/01disney.html?pagewanted=1 | newspaper = The New York Times | date = September 30, 2009 }}</ref> Diane cofounded [[The Walt Disney Family Museum]] with the aid of her children.<ref name="wordpress1"/> The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.<ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/07/walt-disneys-secret-disneyland-apartment-diane-disney-miller_n_1259421.html |title=Diane Disney Miller Remembers Dad: Walt's Secret Disneyland Apartment, His Passions & More (PHOTOS) |work=Huffington Post |date= February 7, 2012|accessdate=April 8, 2012 |first=Jordan |last=Zakarin}}</ref>  The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.<ref name="huffingtonpost1"/>
-==Accusations of antisemitism and racism==
-Disney was long rumored to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] during his lifetime, and such rumors persisted after his death. In 1938 he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist [[Leni Riefenstahl]] to Hollywood to promote her film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]''.<ref name=Dargis>{{cite news|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|title=And Now a Word From the Director|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/movies/conflicting-voices-in-lars-von-triers-words-and-works.html?scp=1&sq=And%20Now%20a%20Word%20from&st=Search|accessdate=September 26, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 2011}}</ref> Even after news of [[Kristallnacht]] broke, Disney did not cancel his invitation to Riefenstahl. He told her he admired her work but if it became known that he was considering hiring her, it would damage his reputation." <ref>http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1623/was-walt-disney-a-fascist</ref><ref>James, Clive (March 25, 2007). [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/books/review/James.t.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1 "Reich Star"]. ''The New York Times''. pp. XX.</ref><ref>Olympia in America, 1938: Leni Riefenstahl, Hollywood, and the Kristallnacht" by Cooper C. Graham (LOC), Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol. 13, No. 4,1993</ref>  Animator [[Art Babbitt]] claimed to have seen Disney and his lawyer, Gunther Lessing, attending meetings of the [[German American Bund]], a pro-Nazi organization, in the late 1930s.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 448">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=448}}</ref>
-Animator and director [[David Swift (director)|David Swift]], who was Jewish, told a biographer that when he informed Disney that he was leaving to take a job at [[Columbia Pictures]] in 1941, Disney responded — in a feigned [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] accent — "Okay, Davy boy, off you go to work for those Jews. It's where you belong, with those Jews."<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 456">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=456}}</ref>  Swift returned to Disney Studios in 1945, however, and later said that he "owed everything" to Disney. When he left the studio a second time in the early 1950s, Disney reportedly told him, "...&nbsp;there is still a candle burning in the window if you ever want to come back."<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 457">{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=457}}</ref>
-In 2006 Disney biographer [[Neal Gabler]], the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded that available evidence did not support accusations of antisemitism. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings: {{Cquote|That's one of the questions everybody asks me&nbsp;... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the [[Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals]], which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/01/earlyshow/leisure/books/main2141735.shtml | work=CBS News | title=Walt Disney: More Than 'Toons, Theme Parks | date=November 1, 2006}}</ref>}}
-Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=611}}</ref> Gabler wrote that three months after Riefenstahl's visit, Disney disavowed it, claiming that he did not know who she was when he issued the invitation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|p=449}}</ref> Gabler also questioned Babbitt's story, on grounds that Disney had no time for political meetings and was "very apolitical" during the 1930s.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 448"/>
-The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, including Babbitt and [[David Hilberman]]; and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|Three Little Pigs]]'' (in which the Big Bad Wolf comes to the door dressed as a Jewish peddler) and ''[[The Opry House]]'' (in which Mickey Mouse is dressed and dances as a [[Hasidic Jew]]); but both Gabler and the museum have pointed out that he befriended many Jewish schoolmates, donated to several Jewish charities (The [[Hebrew Orphan Asylum]]{{disambiguation needed|date=May 2014}}, [[Yeshiva College (Yeshiva University)|Yeshiva College]], Jewish Home for the Aged, and [[A Flag is Born|The American League for a Free Palestine]]), and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the [[B'nai B'rith]] chapter in Beverly Hills.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 456"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html |title=Walt Disney Family Museum |publisher=Disney.go.com }}</ref>  According to Gabler, none of Disney's employees — including Babbitt, who disliked Disney intensely — ever accused him of making antisemitic slurs or taunts.<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 457"/> One Jewish employee, [[Joe Grant]], pointed out that "some of the most influential people at the studio were Jewish," whilst Disney's merchandising agent Kay Kamen (also a Jew) once claimed that the Disney's New York office had "more Jews than the [[The Book of Leviticus]]."<ref>Gabler, Neal (2006) ''Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination'', Alfred A. Knoff Inc., Page 455</ref>
-Disney has also been accused of [[racism]], largely because of a number of productions released during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s containing racially insensitive material. Examples include ''[[Mickey's Mellerdrammer]]'', in which Mickey Mouse dresses in [[blackface]]; the "black" bird in the short ''Who Killed Cock Robin''; Sunflower, the half donkey/half black centaurette with a watermelon in ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]''; the feature film ''[[Song of the South]]''; the Indians in ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]''; and the crows in ''[[Dumbo]]'' (although the case has been made that the crows were sympathetic to Dumbo because they knew what it was like to be ostracized).<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 433">Gabler 2006, p. 433</ref>
-In spite of this, "Walt Disney was no racist," Gabler wrote. "He never, either publicly or privately, made disparaging remarks about blacks or asserted white superiority. Like most white Americans of his generation, however, he was racially insensitive."  For example, during a story meeting on ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' he referred to the dwarfs piling on top of each other as a "nigger pile", and while casting ''Song of the South'' he used the term [[pickaninny]].<ref name="Gabler 2006, p. 433"/> ''Song of the South'' was roundly criticized by film critics, the [[NAACP]], and others for its perpetuation of black [[Stereotypes of African Americans|stereotypes]]; but Disney later campaigned successfully for an [[Honorary Academy Award]] for its African-American star, [[James Baskett]]. Baskett died shortly afterward, and his widow wrote Disney a heartfelt letter of gratitude for his support.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gabler|2006|pp=438–9}}</ref> Black animator [[Floyd Norman]], who worked for Disney during the 1950s and '60s, said, "Not once did I observe a hint of the racist behavior that Walt Disney was often accused of after his death. His treatment of people—and by this I mean all people—can only be called exemplary."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mouseplanet.com/10606/Debunking_Meryl_Streep_Part_Two |author= Korkis, Jim|date= February 26, 2014 |title= 'Debunking Meryl Streep, Part Two' |publisher= MousePlanet |accessdate= April 23, 2014}}</ref>
-==Academy Awards==
-{{Main|List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney}}
-[[File:Disney Display Case.JPG|thumb|This display case in the lobby of the [[Walt Disney Family Museum]] in San Francisco shows many of the Academy Awards he won, including the distinctive special award at the bottom for [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]].]]
-Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.
-*'''1932''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[Flowers and Trees]]'' (1932)
-*'''1932''': Honorary Award for creation of [[Mickey Mouse]].
-*'''1934''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[Three Little Pigs (film)|Three Little Pigs]]'' (1933)
-*'''1935''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[The Tortoise and the Hare]]'' (1934)
-*'''1936''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Three Orphan Kittens'' (1935)
-*'''1937''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''The Country Cousin'' (1936)
-*'''1938''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''[[The Old Mill]]'' (1937)
-*'''1939''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Ferdinand the Bull'' (1938)
-*'''1939''': Honorary Award for ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937) The citation read, ''"For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field."'' (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)<ref name="academyaward"/>
-*'''1940''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Ugly Duckling'' (1939)
-*'''1941''': Honorary Award for ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'' (1940), shared with: [[William Garity|William E. Garity]] and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, ''"For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of ''Fantasia.''"''<ref name="academyaward"/>
-*'''1942''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Lend a Paw'' (1941)
-*'''1943''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Der Fuehrer's Face'' (1942)
-*'''1949''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Seal Island'' (1948)
-*'''1949''': [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]] (Honorary Award)
-*'''1951''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Beaver Valley'' (1950)
-*'''1952''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Nature's Half Acre'' (1951)
-*'''1953''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Water Birds'' (1952)
-*'''1954''': Best Documentary, Features: ''The Living Desert'' (1953)
-*'''1954''': Best Documentary, Short Subjects: ''The Alaskan Eskimo'' (1953)
-*'''1954''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom'' (1953)
-*'''1954''': Best Short Subject, Two-reel: ''Bear Country'' (1953)
-*'''1955''': Best Documentary, Features: ''The Vanishing Prairie'' (1954)
-*'''1956''': Best Documentary, Short Subjects: ''Men Against the Arctic'' (1955)
-*'''1959''': Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: ''Grand Canyon'' (1958)
-*'''1969''': Best Short Subject, Cartoons: ''Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day'' (1968) (posthumous)
-==Other honors==
-Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the [[Anaheim walk of stars]] awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the [[Disneyland Resort]]. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], one for motion pictures and the other for his television work. Disney was posthumously inducted into the [[Television Hall of Fame]] in 1986.
-Walt Disney received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the [[Légion d'Honneur]] awarded by France in 1935.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=May 21, 2008|url=http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-6857-BD-Disney-Walt.html|title=Disney, Walt|publisher=Bedetheque|language=French}}</ref> In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the [[League of Nations]] for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=%22walt+disney%22+%22league+of+nations%22+award#v=onepage&q=%22walt%20disney%22%20%22league%20of%20nations%22%20award&f=false |title=Walt Disney: A Biography|publisher=ABC-CLIO|author=Krasniewicz, Louise |year=2010|accessdate = August 20, 2012| page=xxviii |isbn=978-0-313-35830-2}}</ref> He also received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on September 14, 1964.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=%22walt+disney%22+%22league+of+nations%22+award#v=onepage&q=medal%20of%20freedom&f=false |title=Walt Disney: A Biography|publisher=ABC-CLIO|author=Krasniewicz, Louise |year=2010|accessdate = August 20, 2012 |page=xxxiv |isbn=978-0-313-35830-2}}</ref> On December 6, 2006, California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] inducted Walt Disney into the [[California Hall of Fame]] located at [[The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts]].
-The [[National Audubon Society]] awarded Disney its highest honor, the Audubon Medal, in 1955 for promoting the "appreciation and understanding of nature" through his ''True-Life Adventures'' nature films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19551116&id=8r9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lwAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3770,22870 |title=Disney Receives Audubon Medal |publisher=''[[Toledo Blade]]'' |date=November 16, 1955 |accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref>
-A [[minor planet]], [[4017 Disneya]], discovered in 1980 by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astronomer [[Lyudmila Karachkina]], is named after him.<ref>{{cite book | last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names | page = 342  | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] | location = New York | url = http://books.google.com/?id=VoJ5nUyIzCsC&pg=PA342&dq=4017+Disneya#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn=3-540-00238-3}}</ref>
-The [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]] in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
-[[Waltograph]], a [[freeware]] [[typeface]], is based on the Walt Disney Company's typography.
-In 1993, [[HBO]] began development of a Walt Disney biographical film, directed by [[Frank Pierson]] and produced by [[Lawrence Turman]], but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.<ref>{{cite news | author = David Rooney | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR119623 | title = Disney wins Houston and Washington teaming&nbsp;... |work = Variety | date = March 3, 1994 | accessdate = March 31, 2009}}</ref> However, ''[[Walt - The Man Behind the Myth]]'', a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.<ref name="The Man Behind the Myth">{{cite web|title=Walt: The Man Behind the Myth (2001)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/walt_the_man_behind_the_myth/|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref>
-Actor [[Tom Hanks]] played Walt in the film ''[[Saving Mr. Banks]]'' (2013). It was the first instance of an actor portraying Walt Disney in film.<ref name="Disney Studios">{{cite web|url=http://disney.go.com/movies/movie-news/index?int_cmp=saving_mr_banks_wdsmp_mop_movie-news_saving_mr_banks_begins_production_in_la_Intl|title="Saving Mr. Banks" Begins Production in Los Angeles|publisher=disney.go.com|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-{{Portal|Disney|Animation}}
-* [[Disney family]]
-* [[Walt Disney anthology television series]]
-* [[List of ambulance drivers during World War I]]
-* [[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees]]
-==Notes==
-{{reflist|30em}}
-==References==
-* {{citation | last1=Barrier | first1= J. Michael. | title=''The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney'' | chapter= The Pet in the Family: On the Farm and in the City, 1901–1923| year=2007 | publisher=[[University of California Press]]| isbn=978-0-520-24117-6| url =http://books.google.gr/books?id=h2JaDDqOiJkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Buckaroo+Bugs%27%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CoJwU7qlB-yZ0QWnu4CgBw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
-* {{citation | last1=Cohen | first1= Karl F. | title=''Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America'' | chapter= Censorship of Theatrical Animation| year=2004 | publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]| isbn=978-0-7864-2032-2| url =http://books.google.gr/books?id=gIyH_DLYhoIC&pg=PA36&dq=%22Hare+Ribbin%27%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x11rU_OyIKWLyAPFhYCoBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Hare%20Ribbin'%22&f=false}}
-* {{Citation|first=Bob|last=Thomas|title=Walt Disney: An American Original|publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Disney Editions]]|year=1994 |origyear=1976|location=New York|isbn=0-7868-6027-8}}
-*{{Citation|last=Gabler|first=Neal|title=Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination|year=2006|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=0-679-43822-X|authorlink=Neal Gabler}}
-==Further reading==
-* Barrier, Michael (1999). ''Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
-* [[Michael Broggie|Broggie, Michael]] (1997, 1998, 2005). ''Walt Disney's Railroad Story''. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0
-* Chytry, Josef. "Walt Disney and the Creation of Emotional Environments: Interpreting Walt Disney's Oeuvre from the Disney Studios to Disneyland, CalArts, and the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (epcot)," ''Rethinking History'' (London), 16 (June 2012), 259–78.
-* Eliot, Marc (1994). ''[[Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince]]''. New York: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 1-55972-174-X.
-* [[Richard Schickel|Schickel, Richard]], and [[Ivan R. Dee|Dee, Ivan R.]] (1967, 1985, 1997). ''The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney''. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
-* [[Robert B. Sherman|Sherman, Robert B.]] and [[Richard M. Sherman|Sherman, Richard M.]] (1998). ''Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond''. ISBN 0-9646059-3-7
-* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Bob|year=1991|title=Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast|location=New York|publisher=Hyperion|isbn=1-56282-899-1|ref=harv}}
-* Watts, Steven. ''[[The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life]]'', University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0
-* [[Michael Barrier (historian)|Barrier, Michael]] (2008). ''The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney'', University of California Press.
-==External links==
-{{wikiquote}}
-{{Commons}}
-* {{IMDb name|370|Walt Disney}}
-* {{Tcmdb name|id=50875|name=Walt Disney}}
-* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95660}}
-* [http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/waltdisney/ Walt Disney Family Museum]
-* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=284 Walt Disney Gravesite]
-* {{cite web |url=http://vault.fbi.gov/walter-elias-disney/ |title=Walter Elias Disney |work=FBI Records: The Vault |publisher=U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation}}
-* [http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/through-a-glass-disney/ Review of ''The Perfect American'', Philip Glass's opera about Walt Disney]
-* [http://www.LouisGrell.com/ Louis Grell Foundation]
-{{S-start}}
-{{s-bef|before = None}}
-{{s-ttl|title = [[Mickey Mouse|Voice of Mickey Mouse]]|years= 1928–1947, 1955–1959}}
-{{s-aft|after= [[Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)|Jimmy MacDonald]]}}
-{{s-end}}
-{{Disney}}
-{{Disneyland Resort}}
-{{Disney theatrical animated features}}
-{{Disney direct-to-video animated features}}
-{{Thalberg Award}}
-{{Silly Symphonies}}
-{{Cecil B. DeMille Award 1952–1975}}
-{{1986 Television Hall of Fame}}
-{{Authority control|VIAF=36927108|LCCN=n/78/095660|GND=118526006}}
-{{Persondata
-  | NAME              = Disney, Walter Elias
-  | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-  | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Producer, director and animator
-  | DATE OF BIRTH     = December 5, 1901
-  | PLACE OF BIRTH    = Chicago, [[Illinois]], United States
-  | DATE OF DEATH     = December 15, 1966
-  | PLACE OF DEATH    = Los Angeles, United States
 }}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Disney, Walt}}
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